GAS LAWS

Boyle?s law.
Boyle?s law: - Equation and graphical representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


State Boyle?s law.
Explain Boyle?s law using kinetic theory of matter.

Teacher demonstration ? Use syringes / pumps to show variation of volume with pressure.
Teacher asks probing questions leading to statement of the law.
Discuss the cause of build-up-in pressure.

Chart
Volume-pressure relationship.
Syringes.
chart

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 1-2

Longhorn Book III
PP 1 -2

GAS LAWS

Boyle?s law: Numerical questions.
Boyle?s law: Interpretation of graphs.
Charles? law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve further problems involving Boyle?s law.

Supervised exercise: Volume in cm?, m?, litres, and pressure in Pa, mmHg, cmHg, atmospheres.
Assignment.

Calculators.
Graph papers.
Coloured water,
Glass tube,
Warm water,
Cork and
Flask.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 4-5
Longhorn Book III PP 6-8

GAS LAWS

Temperature in Degree Celsius and Kelvin. Equation and graphs from Charles? law.
Charles? law- equation and graphical representation.
Numerical questions on Charles? Law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Convert temperature in degree Celsius to Kelvin and vice-versa.

Teacher explains inter-conversion of the units.
Students complete a table of temperature in the two units.

student book
Calculators.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 10

Longhorn Book III P 11

GAS LAWS
GAS LAWS
THE MOLE
THE MOLE

Combined Gas Law.
Standard conditions, S.T.P. conditions and R.T.P. conditions.
Diffusion.
Rates of diffusion.
Graham?s Law.
Mole, molar mass and R.A.M.
Number of moles in a substance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive the Gas Law.
Derive the combined gas law equation.
Solve numerical problems using the equation.
Carry out numerical tasks.

Q/A: - Combining Boyle?s and Charles? Laws.
Worked examples.
Solve problems involving RMM, equal volumes of the gases involved.
Supervised practice.
Assignment.

Calculators.
student book
KMnO4 crystals,
Litmus papers.
Calculators
Chart- table of molar masses of elements.
student book

K.L.B.
BK III P. 12

Longhorn Book III PP 14-16

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 24-26

Longhorn Book III PP 22-24

THE MOLE

Relative molecular mass & Relative formula mass.
Moles and Avogadro?s number.
Empirical Formula.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define relative molecular mass.
Calculate RMM of a compound.

Q/A: - Review formulae of compounds.
Complete a table of compounds and their molecular / formula mass.

Calculators.
student book

K.L.B.BK III
PP. 34-35

Longhorn Book III PP 44-60

THE MOLE

Molecular formula.
Concentration of a solution.
Molarity of a solution.
Preparation of molar solutions.
Calculators on molar solutions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define molecular formula of a compound.
Find molecular formula given percentage composition of a compound by mass.

Worked examples.

Supervised practice.

Calculators.
chart
student book
Volumetric flasks, teat droppers/wash bottle.
Sodium hydrogen pellets.
Weighing balance.

K.L.B.BK III
P. 45

Longhorn
Book III
PP 73-75

THE MOLE

Dilution of solutions.
Stoichiometry of a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometric equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate molarity of a solution after dilution.

Group experiments.
Calculations.

student book
CuSO4 solution and iron metal.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 76-81

THE MOLE
Volumetric Analysis.
Volumetric Analysis.

Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.
Apparatus used in titration experiments.
Titration process.
Titration experiment (Neutralization reaction)
Titration experiment (Neutralization reaction)
Basicity of an acid.
Standardization of HCl.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and determine Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.
To carry out a titration experiment and obtain accurate results.

Class experiments.

Problem solving.
Class experiments: - To neutralize HCl with NaOH solution.
Fill in a table of results.
Find the average base used.

student book
Pipettes
Burettes.
Indicators
Suitable acid and base.
student book
Calculators.
Dilute HCl, Na2CO3 solutions.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 62
K.L.B. BK III
P. 66

Longhorn Book III PP 108-114

Volumetric Analysis.

Concentration of HCl.
Redox Titration Reactions.
Water of crystallization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To calculate concentration of HCl from experimental results.

Calculations & supervised practice.

Potassium Magnate
(VII)
Ammonium
Iron (II)
Sulphate crystals.
Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 74-75

Volumetric Analysis.

Formula mass of ammonium iron (II) sulphate.
Formula mass of a given salt.
Atomicity of gases.
Mass and volume of gases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To find formula mass of ammonium iron (II) sulphate.

Calculations from experimental results.

student book
Lubricated syringes
Oxygen/
CO2.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 76 -77

Volumetric Analysis.

Molar gas volume.
Combining volumes of gases.
Gay Lussac?s Law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define molar gas volume.

Use the above results to describe volume of one mole of a gas.
Discuss molar gas volume at R.T.P and S.T.P conditions.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
79 ? 80
Longhorn
Book III
PP 126-127

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Hydrocarbons.
Alkanes.
Naming Alkanes.
Members of Alkane series.
Isomerism in alkanes.
Laboratory preparation of a given alkane.
Trend in physical properties of alkanes.
Chemical properties of alkanes.
Substitution reactions involving alkanes. Uses of alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define organic Chemistry.
To define a hydrocarbon.
To identify groups of hydrocarbons.
To describe the carbon atom.
To describe laboratory preparation of a given alkane.
To state physical properties of the gases prepared.

Discuss composition of the carbon atom; hence deduce number of valence electrons.
Exposition of new terms.
Teacher demonstration.
Discussion.

student book
Chart of biomass digester.
Chart- structure of alkanes.
Models.
Sodium ethanoate, sodalime,
Pestle and mortar.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 92
Longhorn
Book III
P 135

K.L.B. BK III
P. 103

Longhorn
Book III
PP 146

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Alkenes. Molecular formulae of alkenes.
Naming alkenes.
Alkene isomerism.
Preparing ethene in the lab.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write molecular formulae of alkenes.

Examine table of members of alkenes.
To identify members of alkene series.

student book
chart

K.L.B. BK III
PP 153-4

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Physical properties of ethene.
Chemical properties of ethene.
Alkenes and oxidizing agents.
Uses of alkenes & Topic review.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe physical properties of ethene and other alkenes.

To discuss physical properties of ethene and other alkenes.

student book
charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 116-117
Longhorn Book III
PP 126-129
165-6

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Alkynes. Nomenclature.
Isomerism in alkynes.
Physical properties of ethyne.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various alkynes.
To name and draw structures of alkynes.

Discuss a table of members of alkynes.
Review naming of alkanes and alkene and compare this with naming of alkynes.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 122-123
Longhorn
Book III
PP 126-129 171-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)
NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.
NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical properties of ethyne.
Tests for alkynes. Uses of alkynes.
Isolation of nitrogen from air.
Industrial production of nitrogen.
Lab. preparation of nitrogen.
Physical and chemical properties of nitrogen. Uses of nitrogen.
Nitrogen (I) oxide. Lab preparation.
Properties and uses of Nitrogen (I) oxide.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe combustion, halogenation and hydrogenation processes.
Describe lab preparation of nitrogen.

Discussion and writing of equations.
Teacher demonstration:
Students? record observations made from tests on the gas.
Writing equations of reactions.

charts
Aspirator, copper turnings, gas jar, combustion tube, trogh.
Ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate
charts
Ammonium nitrate.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 127-129
Longhorn Book III
PP 180-184

K.L.B. BK III
P. 137

Longhorn
Book III
P 190-1

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Nitrogen (II) oxide. Lab preparation.
Properties of the gas.
Nitrogen (1V) oxide Lab preparation.
Properties of Nitrogen (IV) oxide.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lab preparation of nitrogen (II) oxide.

Class experiment: Preparation and carrying out tests on the gas.
Observations recorded in a table.

Dil nitric acid, copper turnings.
charts
Conc. nitric acid, copper turnings.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 142
Longhorn
Book III
PP 200-1

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Ammonia. Lab preparation of ammonia.
Properties of ammonia.
Solubility of ammonia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lab preparation of ammonia

Q/A: Structure of ammonia.
Group experiments: Preparation of ammonia.
Tests on the gas.

Ca(OH)2, NH4Cl Solutions, CaO, litmus papers..M THREE CHEMISTRY TERM TWO 20....
charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 147-148

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of ammonia with metal ions.
Ionic equations of above reactions.
Burning ammonia in the air.
Reaction of ammonia with copper (II) Oxide.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To prepare aqueous solution of ammonia.


To carry out tests of aqueous ammonia on metal ions.

Teacher demonstration: - Preparation of aqueous solution of ammonia.

Class experiments: -
Students record observations when drops of aqueous ammonia are added, then in excess.

2 cm Solutions containing various metal ions.
charts
Conc. Ammonium solution
Hot platinum rod
Oxygen.
Granular CuCl2
Combustion tube,
Dry ammonia
U-tube
Gas jar.

K.L.B.
BK III
PP. 152-153

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Haber process.
Uses of ammonia.
Nitric acid. Lab preparation.
Nitric acid Industrial manufacture.
Reaction of dilute Nitric acid with metals.
Nitric acid and carbonates.
Reaction of dil. nitric acid with hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify raw materials for Haber process and how they are obtained in large scale.
Discuss the Haber process.
Represent Haber process in a schematic diagram.

To describe reaction of dilute nitric acid with metals.
To write equations of reactions of dilute nitric acid with metals.

Discussion and explanations.
Class experiment:- making observations and recording them in a table.
Discuss the observations.
Write down equations for the reactions.

Chart- schematic diagram.
charts
Retort stand
Conc. H2SO4
KNO3
Chart
Schematic diagram.
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Solutions of
Na2CO3
NaHCO3
ZnCO3
CuCO3

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 159-160
225-226
K.L.B. BK III
PP. 165-166

Longhorn
Book III
PP 166-8

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Dilute nitric acid and metal hydroxides and oxides.
Reaction of nitric acid as an oxidizing agent.
Uses of nitric acid & nitrates.
Action of heat on nitrates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Predict results of reacting dilute nitric acid with metal hydroxides and oxides.

Group experiments & writing equations for the reactions.

Metal hydroxides.
Nitric acid acidified iron sulphate, sulphur, and copper metal.
charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 168

Longhorn
Book III
PP 238-240

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.
SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Test for nitrates.
Nitrogen compounds and the environment.
Extraction of sulphur.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out tests on nitrates.

Class experiments.
Make observations and deductions.
Discuss the brown ring test for nitrates.

charts
Chart-the Frasch process.

K.L.B. BK III
PP 173-174

Longhorn
Book III
PP 243

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Allotropes of sulphur.
Physical properties of sulphur. Heating of sulphur.
Chemical properties of sulphur.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify allotropes of sulphur.
To describe preparation of allotropes of sulphur.

Discussion and exposition of new concepts.

video
charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 182-183
Longhorn Book
PP 126-129

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of sulphur. Sulphur dioxide.
Physical properties of sulphur dioxide.
Acidic properties of SO2.
Reducing action of SO2.
Bleaching properties of SO2.
Oxidizing action of SO2.
Sulphate and sulphite ions. Uses of SO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of sulphur.
Describe lab. preparation of sulphur dioxide.
To verify reducing action of SO2.

Teacher elucidates uses of sulphur.
Teacher demonstration:-
Preparation of sulphur dioxide in a fume chamber/in the open.
Carrying out tests on the gas.
Class experiments: make observations and draw conclusions.
Write balanced corresponding equations.

charts
text book
textbook
Experimental worksheets.
Burning magnesium.
Hydrogen sulphide.
Sodium sulphate
Barium chloride
Barium nitrate.

K.L.B.BK III
PP 191- 192
Longhorn Book
P 258

K.L.B.BK III
P. 195

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Sulphuric acid. Contact process of manufacture.
Properties of conc. H2SO4.
Physical properties of sulphuric acid.
Chemical properties of Sulphuric acid.
Dilute H2SO4, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Dilute H2SO4, and metal oxides and hydroxides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify raw materials for manufacture of sulphuric acid.
To describe the contact process.

To write equations to show that conc. sulphuric acid is a drying and dehydrating agent.
To describe reactions of dilute H2SO4 with metals.

Discussion using schematic
flow charts.
Writing equations.
Discussion and explanations.
Group expts. ? reaction of metals with dilute H2SO4, make observations and relevant deductions; writing corresponding equations.

Chart-schematic
Flow charts.
charts
Conc. sulphuric acid.
Magnesium, zinc, copper metals.
charts
Oxides of magnesium, zinc, copper.
NaOH Solution.

K.L.B. BK III
PP.201-203
Longhorn
Book III
PP 275-6

K.L.B.
BK III P. 206
Longhorn
Book III
PP 276-8

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Dilute H2SO4 and metal oxides & hydroxides.
Hydrogen sulphide. Preparation of the gas. Reaction of the gas with oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain reactions of dilute H2SO4 with metal oxides and hydroxides.

Discussion, writing relevant chemical equations.

charts

K.L.B.
BK III P. 211

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS
CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS
CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Reaction of the gas with water. Reducing properties of the gas.
Sulphur and its effects on the environment.
Lab. preparation of chlorine gas.
Physical properties of chlorine.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of the gas with water.
To demonstrate reducing properties of the gas.

Writing chemical equations for the reactions.

charts
Conc. HCl, Manganese (IV) oxide.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 212.
Longhorn
Book III
PP 291-2

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical properties of chlorine ? reaction with water.
Chemical properties of chlorine - Reaction with metals - Reaction with non-metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and explain reaction of chlorine with water.

Teacher demonstration:
Writing chemical equations.

Moist blue litmus papers.
textbook

K.L.B.BK III
P. 222
Longhorn
Book III
PP 301-2

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

- Oxidizing properties of chlorine.
Chlorine and alkalis.
Test for chlorides.
Uses of chlorine gas.
Hydrogen chloride gas. Lab. prep. Physical properties.
Aqueous hydrogen chloride.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and explain reaction of chlorine with reducing a gents.
To state uses of chlorine.

Group experiments.
Discuss and explain observations made.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Teacher elucidates uses of chlorine.

Expt. Worksheets.
Cold / hot NaOH solutions.
Zinc chloride, litmus paper, conc. Sulphuric acid.
Sodium chloride crystals, conc H2SO4
Distilled water.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 226 -227
Longhorn Book
PP 307-8

K.L.B.BK III
P. 231
Longhorn Book III
PP 320

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Further chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas.
Large-scale production of hydrochloric acid.
Uses of hydrochloric acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas.
To carry out confirmatory test for hydrogen chloride gas.

Class experiment leading to deduction of further chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas / confirmatory test for hydrogen chloride gas.

Ammonia solution.
charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP.
235 -223
Longhorn
Book III
PP 327-331

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Effects of hydrochloric acid on the environment.
Strength of acids. Acids in aqueous form.
pH values of acids. Electrical conductivities of aqueous acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain effects of hydrochloric acid on the environment.

Discussion and explanation.
Assignment.

charts
Magnesium strip, zinc carbonate,
2M HCl,
2M H2SO4,
2M ethanoic acid.
Universal
indicator,
2M ethanoic acid,
dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milli-ammeters,
wires, switches etc.

K.L.B. BK III
P 238.
Longhorn Book III
PP 334-8

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Definition of a base in terms of hydroxide ions.
Neutralization reaction.
Strength of bases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

Teacher demonstration:
Dissolve calcium hydroxide in water.
Carry out litmus test on the resulting solution.
Discuss the results; hence define a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

Red litmus paper, calcium hydroxide solid.
1M HCl,
Calcium hydroxide,
universal indicator.
2M NaOH,
2M ammonia solution, universal indicator solutions, dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milliammeters,
wires, switches etc

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 6-7

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water / methylbenzene.
Dissolving ammonia gas in water/ methylbenzene.
Amphoteric oxides.
Precipitation Reactions.
Solubility of chlorides sulphites and sulphates.
Equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a polar and a non-polar solvent.

Define a precipitate.
Write ionic equations showing formation of precipitates.

Teacher demonstration:
Dissolving HCl gas in different solvents.
Discuss the observations.
Write down related balanced chemical equations.
Q/A: review definition of a salt.
Class experiment;
Add sodium carbonate or a suitable carbonate to various salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.
Make observations and discuss the results.

Ammonia gas,
Methylbenzene, hydrogen chloride gas.
Methylbenzene.
2M Nitric acid
2M NaOH,
HNO3.
Amphoteric oxides.
Soluble carbonates e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3
Salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.
0.1M solution containing Pb2+, 2M NaCl solution, 2M sodium sulphate, source of heating.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 9-11
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 14-16

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Complex ions.
Solubility of a salt at a given temperature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of complex ions.

Add drops of 2M sodium hydroxide / 2M ammonia solution to a solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.

Make observations and discuss the results.

2M Sodium hydroxide (2M ammonia solution),
solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.
Suitable solutes.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 18-20

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Problems solving on solubility.
Effect of temperature on solubility of a solute in a solvent.
Effects of various salts on soap.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve problems involving solubility of a solute in a solvent at a given temperature.

Worked examples.
Supervised practice.
Written assignment.

Evaporating dish, watch glass, heating source, thermometer.
KClO3 thermometers, source of heat.
distilled water, tap water, rainwater, dilute solution of sodium chloride and solutions containing Ca2+ and Zn2+.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 21-22

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.
ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.
ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.
ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Removal of hardness of water.
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions.
Energy level diagrams.
Enthalpy Notation. Change of state.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify ions for hardness of water.
Identify methods of removing hardness of water.
State merits & demerits of hard water.

Review results of above experiments.

Probing questions & brief discussion.

Assignment.

student book
Ammonium nitrate,
Sodium hydroxide, thermometers.
Ice, naphthalene, thermometers, graph papers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 27-29

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

CAT
Molar heat of solution.
Molar heat of solution of H2SO4.
Enthalpy of combustion. Enthalpy of combustion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Determine molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Dissolve some known volume of conc. H2SO4 in a given volume of water.
Note the change in temperature.
Work out the molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide, thermometers.
Conc. H2SO4, thermometers.
Ethanol, distilled water, thermometer, clear wick, tripod stand and wire gauze.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 42-45

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of displacement of ions.
Molar heat of solution of neutralization.
Standard enthalpy changes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term molar heat of solution of displacement of ions.
Determine the molar heat of solution of displacement of ions.

Group experiments/ teacher demonstration.
Note steady temperature of solutions formed when zinc/ iron / magnesium reacts with copper sulphate solution.
Work out the molar heat of displacement of a substance from a solution of its ions.

Zinc, iron, magnesium, copper sulphate solution.
2M HCl of known volume, 1M / 2M sodium hydroxide.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 48-50

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Hess?s Law.
Heat of solution hydration energy and lattice energy.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Hess?s law.

Solve problems related to Hess?s law.

Detailed discussion & guided discovery of the law.
Illustrations of energy cycles and energy levels leading to Hess?s law.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice
Written assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 56-57

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.
RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.
RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.
RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.
RATES OF REACTION & REVERSIBLE REACTIONS.

Heat values of fuels.
Environmental effects of fuels.
Effect of concentration on rate of a reaction
Effect of time of reaction on the rate of reaction.
Effect of temperature of reactants on rate of reaction.
Effect of change in surface area of reactants on the rate of a reaction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term fuel.
Describe energy changes when a fuel undergoes combustion.
Outline factors considered when choosing a suitable fuel.

Probing questions and brief discussion.

student book
Portions of 2M HCl diluted with different volumes of water,
Stopwatches.
Magnesium ribbons, stopwatches, conical flask.
100cm3 0.5M HCl, syringes, stoppers, tubes and connectors.
Sodium thiosulphate heated at different temperatures, dilute HCl, stopwatches.
Graph papers.
Marble chips, marble chips powder, syringes, conical flasks with stoppers, 1M HCl.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 64-66