GENETICS

The concept of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define Genetics.
Define variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.

KLB BK IV.
PP 1-2.

GENETICS

Discontinuous variation.
Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.


Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

text book
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
P 3.

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

The chromosome.
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

text book
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 6-7

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.

Expository approach.

Chart- the double helix DNA.

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.
DNA replication.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

Expository approach.
Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.

Chart- the double helix DNA.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8
KLB BK IV. PP 9-10

GENETICS

First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Exposition with explanations.

KLB BK IV. PP 11-12

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17
KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Exposition;
Discussion.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 21-22

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.
Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27
KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS

Gene mutation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35

GENETICS

Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.
Define evolution.
Explain the theories of life.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.
Brain storming;
Q/A on creation theory;
Exposition of chemical theory.

text book,video
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45

EVOLUTION

Evidence for organic evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 51-59

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Explain Larmack?s theory of evolution.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.
Expositions and explanations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

EVOLUTION
SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Importance of support and movement in plants.
Arrangement of tissues in a monocotyledonous stem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Cite examples of natural selection in action.
Explain the importance of support and movement in plants.
Draw and label a transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.

Expositions and explanations;
Probing questions;
Topic review.
Brain storming;
Discussion.
Examine transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.

text book
Monocotyledo-nous stem, eg. tradescantia, microscope,
Razors.

KLB BK IV. PP 67-72
KLB BK IV. PP111-2.

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Arrangement of tissues in a dicotyledonous stem.
Stem tissues.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label a transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem.
Draw and label a transverse section of herbaceous and woody stems.
Identify some stem tissues.
Explain the role of stem tissues.

Examine transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem, herbaceous and woody stems.
Drawing and labeling diagrams;
Discussion.

Herbaceous stem, microscope, slides,
Razors.
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 111-5

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wilting in plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare the rate of wilting of herbaceous and woody stems.
Account for difference in rate of water loss.

Uproot herbaceous and woody plants;
Observe tem for about 30 min;
Brief discussion.

KLB BK IV. P 116

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The exoskeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the exoskeleton.

Examine movement of a live arthropod;
Observe muscles of the hind limb of a grasshopper;
Relate the observations to the function of the exoskeleton.

A live arthropod,
E.g. grasshopper, millipede.

KLB BK IV. PP 116-7

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The endoskeleton.
Locomotory features of a finned fish.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the endoskeleton.





Identify the locomotory features of a finned fish.

Observe skeleton of a vertebrate;
Compare it with an exoskeleton.
Discuss the contrasting features.

Observe external features of a tilapia.
Drawing and labeling;
Discussion.

The human skeleton.





A freshly killed tilapi

KLB BK IV. PP 117-8

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Locomotion in a finned fish.
Tail power of a fish.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how locomotion occurs in a finned fish.
Explain how a fish is adapted to locomotion in its habitat.
Calculate the tail power of a fish.

Review external features of a tilapia.
Detailed discussion.
Measure length of tail, length of a tilapia fish.
Calculations.
Discussion on significance of tail power in locomotion.

A freshly killed tilapia.

KLB BK IV. PP 117-8

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Support and movement in mammals. The skull and rib cage.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




Describe the structure of the skull and rib cage.

Observe the human skull and rib cage of a rat / rabbit.
Detailed discussion.

Human skull, rib cage of rat / rabbit.

KLB BK IV. PP 119-120

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The vertebral column. Cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the features of the vertebral column.
Identify types of vertebrae.
Explain adaptations of cervical and thoracic vertebrae to their functions.

Examine cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

Cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

KLB BK IV. PP 121-2

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
The sacral and caudal vertebrae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain adaptations of Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae to their functions.
Describe the features of the sacral and caudal vertebrae.
Explain adaptations of sacral and caudal vertebrae to their functions.

Examine thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Draw labeled diagrams;
Brief discussion.
Examine sacral and caudal vertebrae.
Draw labeled diagrams;
Brief discussion.

Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Sacral and caudal vertebrae.

KLB BK IV. PP 122-3
KLB BK IV. P 124

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The appendicular skeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the features of the appendicular skeleton.

Examine the appendicular skeleton of a rabbit /sheep.
Brief discussion..

Appendicular skeleton of a rabbit /sheep.

KLB BK IV. PP 124-5

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fore limb.
Hind limb.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify bones of the fore limb.
Identify bones of the hind limb.

Examine bones if the fore limb;
Drawing labeled diagrams;
Discussion.
Examine bones if the hind limb;

Bones of the fore limb.
Bones of the hind limb.

KLB BK IV. PP 126-7

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Movable joints.
Ball and socket joint.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of movable joints.
Identify features of ball and socket joint.

Examine the synovial joint.
Brief discussion.
Examine the synovial joint.
Discuss observations.

Synovial joint model.

KLB BK IV. P 127

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The hinge joint. Movement of a joint.
Skeletal muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of hinge joint.

Describe movement of a joint.
Describe features of skeletal muscles.

Examine a hinge joint.

Observe movement of the fore arm;

Discussion.
Examine diagrams of skeletal muscles;
Brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 128-9
KLB BK IV. PP 129-30

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Smooth or visceral muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of smooth muscles.

Examine diagrams of smooth muscles;
Brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 129-30

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Cardiac muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of smooth muscles.

Examine diagrams of smooth muscles;
Brief discussion;
Topic review.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 130-1