REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.


To explain the male reproduction system.
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.
Detailed discussion.
To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110 CERTIFICATE PG  150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.
To explain the fertilisation process.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.

Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.
Discussion
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Exposition and discussion.

text book
chart
text book
Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. PP.
112-113 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta

Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 116 CERTIFICATE PG 159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.

Tabulate functional differences.
Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.

text book

CERTIFICATE PG 160

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Lactation and parental care.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.

Discussion

Drawing and labelling mammary glands.

Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. P. 120 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.

Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

text book
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.

KLB BK III. PP.
122-123 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Open discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 123 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.

Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

PP.
123-125 CERTIFICATE PG 169

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.

Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.
Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.
Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

text book
Shoots of known ages.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178
KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Structure of the seed.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

Specimens of maize and bean seeds.

KLB BK III. P. 136 CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.
Detailed discussion.

Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.

To describe hypogeal germination.
To describe primary growth of a seedling.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.
Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing diagrams.
Brief discussion.

Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.

Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Region of growth in a root.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine the region of growth in a root.

Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.
To describe secondary growth of plants.

Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.
Detailed discussion.

Charts- Apical meristems.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.

Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 147 CERTIFICATE PG 190

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.
The concept of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Define Genetics.
Define variation.

Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.
Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.
Exposition and explanations.
Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

Shoot with lateral growth.
chart
text book
Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.

KLB BK III. PP. 147-148.
KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199

GENETICS

Discontinuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Causes of variation.
The chromosome.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.
Describe the structure of chromosomes.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.


Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4
KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 5-6

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 6-7

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.

Expository approach.

Chart- the double helix DNA.

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

DNA replication.
First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
Exposition with explanations.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 9-10
KLB BK IV. PP 11-12

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17
KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Exposition;
Discussion.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 21-22

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.
Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27
KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS

Gene mutation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35

GENETICS

Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS

Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.


Define evolution.
Explain the theories of life.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.



Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Q/A on creation theory;
Exposition of chemical theory.

text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45
KLB BK IV. PP 49-51

EVOLUTION

Evidence for organic evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 51-59

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Explain Larmack?s theory of evolution.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.
Expositions and explanations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

EVOLUTION

Darwin?s theory of natural selection.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Cite examples of natural selection in action.

Expositions and explanations;
Probing questions;
Topic review.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 67-72