REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.



To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Detailed discussion.
Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147
KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.
Drawing and labeling.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Detailed discussion.
Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110 CERTIFICATE PG  150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.
To explain the fertilisation process.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta

Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.
Discussion
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.

text book
chart
text book
Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. PP.
112-113 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.

Tabulate functional differences.
Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.

text book

CERTIFICATE PG 160

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

Discussion
Drawing and labelling mammary glands.
Detailed discussion.

Wall- charts mammary glands.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 120 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.

Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
The concepts of growth and development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.
To distinguish growth from development.

Open discussion.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.
Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 123 
PP.
123-125 CERTIFICATE PG 169

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.

Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.
Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

text book
Shoots of known ages.

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.
Detailed discussion.

Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.
To describe hypogeal germination.
To describe primary growth of a seedling.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.
Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.
Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing diagrams.
Brief discussion.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184
KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine the region of growth in a root.
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.

Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.
Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth of plants.
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.

Detailed discussion.
Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.
Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.

KLB BK III. PP. 145-146 CERTIFICATE PG 187

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.

Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.
Exposition and explanations.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP.148-14.9 CERTIFICATE PG 194

GENETICS

The concept of variation.
Discontinuous variation.
Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define Genetics.
Define variation.
Define discontinuous variation.
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.
Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.
text book
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 1-2.
KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

The chromosome.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 5-6

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.
DNA replication.
First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Expository approach.
Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
Exposition with explanations.

Chart- the double helix DNA.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8
KLB BK IV. PP 9-10

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.
Discussion.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17
KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.
Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
Exposition of new concepts;

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27

GENETICS

Gene mutation.
Disorders due to gene mutations.
Applications of genetics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
chart
text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35
KLB BK IV. PP 35-38