GENETICS

The concept of variation.
Discontinuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define Genetics.
Define variation.
Define discontinuous variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.
text book

KLB BK IV.
PP 1-2.
KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

The chromosome.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.
Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 5-6
KLB BK IV. PP 6-7

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.

Expository approach.

Chart- the double helix DNA.

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

DNA replication.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 9-10

GENETICS

First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Exposition with explanations.

KLB BK IV. PP 11-12

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.
Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14
KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17

GENETICS

Incomplete dominance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.
Discussion.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 20-21

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.
Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23
KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS

Gene mutation.
Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35
KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS

Applications of genetics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.

text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45

EVOLUTION

Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define evolution.
Explain the theories of life.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Q/A on creation theory;
Exposition of chemical theory.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 49-51

EVOLUTION

Evidence for organic evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 51-59

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.
Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.
Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.
Forelimbs of vertebrates.
Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

EVOLUTION

Larmack?s theory of evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Larmack?s theory of evolution.

Expositions and explanations.

text book

KLB BK IV. P 67

EVOLUTION
SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Importance of support and movement in plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Cite examples of natural selection in action.
Explain the importance of support and movement in plants.

Expositions and explanations;
Probing questions;
Topic review.
Brain storming;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 67-72

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Arrangement of tissues in a monocotyledonous stem.
Arrangement of tissues in a dicotyledonous stem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label a transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.
Draw and label a transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem.
Draw and label a transverse section of herbaceous and woody stems.

Examine transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.
Examine transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem, herbaceous and woody stems.

Monocotyledo-nous stem, eg. tradescantia, microscope,
Razors.
Herbaceous stem, microscope, slides,
Razors.

KLB BK IV. PP111-2.
KLB BK IV. PP 111-5

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Stem tissues.
Wilting in plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify some stem tissues.
Explain the role of stem tissues.
Compare the rate of wilting of herbaceous and woody stems.
Account for difference in rate of water loss.

Drawing and labeling diagrams;
Discussion.
Uproot herbaceous and woody plants;
Observe tem for about 30 min;
Brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 113-5

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The exoskeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the exoskeleton.

Examine movement of a live arthropod;
Observe muscles of the hind limb of a grasshopper;
Relate the observations to the function of the exoskeleton.

A live arthropod,
E.g. grasshopper, millipede.

KLB BK IV. PP 116-7

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The exoskeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the exoskeleton.

Examine movement of a live arthropod;
Observe muscles of the hind limb of a grasshopper;
Relate the observations to the function of the exoskeleton.

A live arthropod,
E.g. grasshopper, millipede.

KLB BK IV. PP 116-7

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The endoskeleton.
Locomotory features of a finned fish.
Locomotion in a finned fish.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the endoskeleton.
Identify the locomotory features of a finned fish.
Explain how locomotion occurs in a finned fish.
Explain how a fish is adapted to locomotion in its habitat.

Observe skeleton of a vertebrate;
Compare it with an exoskeleton.
Discuss the contrasting features.
Observe external features of a tilapia.
Drawing and labeling;
Discussion.
Review external features of a tilapia.
Detailed discussion.

The human skeleton.
A freshly killed tilapi
A freshly killed tilapia.

KLB BK IV. PP 117-8

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Tail power of a fish.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate the tail power of a fish.

Measure length of tail, length of a tilapia fish.
Calculations.
Discussion on significance of tail power in locomotion.

A freshly killed tilapia.

KLB BK IV. PP 118-9

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Support and movement in mammals. The skull and rib cage.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




Describe the structure of the skull and rib cage.

Observe the human skull and rib cage of a rat / rabbit.
Detailed discussion.

Human skull, rib cage of rat / rabbit.

KLB BK IV. PP 119-120

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The vertebral column. Cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the features of the vertebral column.
Identify types of vertebrae.
Explain adaptations of cervical and thoracic vertebrae to their functions.

Examine cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

Cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

KLB BK IV. PP 121-2

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
The sacral and caudal vertebrae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain adaptations of Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae to their functions.
Describe the features of the sacral and caudal vertebrae.
Explain adaptations of sacral and caudal vertebrae to their functions.

Examine thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Draw labeled diagrams;
Brief discussion.
Examine sacral and caudal vertebrae.
Draw labeled diagrams;
Brief discussion.

Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Sacral and caudal vertebrae.

KLB BK IV. PP 122-3
KLB BK IV. P 124

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The appendicular skeleton.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the features of the appendicular skeleton.

Examine the appendicular skeleton of a rabbit /sheep.
Brief discussion..

Appendicular skeleton of a rabbit /sheep.

KLB BK IV. PP 124-5

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fore limb.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify bones of the fore limb.

Examine bones if the fore limb;
Drawing labeled diagrams;
Discussion.

Bones of the fore limb.

KLB BK IV. PP 126-7

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Hind limb.
Movable joints.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify bones of the hind limb.
Identify features of movable joints.

Examine bones if the hind limb;
Drawing labeled diagrams;
Discussion.
Examine the synovial joint.
Brief discussion.

Bones of the hind limb.
Synovial joint model.

KLB BK IV. P 127

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ball and socket joint.
The hinge joint. Movement of a joint.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of ball and socket joint.
Identify features of hinge joint.

Describe movement of a joint.

Examine the synovial joint.
Discuss observations.
Examine a hinge joint.

Observe movement of the fore arm;

Discussion.

Synovial joint model.
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. P 128
KLB BK IV. PP 128-9

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Skeletal muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of skeletal muscles.

Examine diagrams of skeletal muscles;
Brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 129-30

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Smooth or visceral muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of smooth muscles.

Examine diagrams of smooth muscles;
Brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 129-30

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Cardiac muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of smooth muscles.

Examine diagrams of smooth muscles;
Brief discussion;
Topic review.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 130-1