ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Hydrocarbons.
Alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define organic Chemistry.
To define a hydrocarbon.
To identify groups of hydrocarbons.
To describe the carbon atom.
To identify various alkanes.
To list sources of alkanes.
To state uses of different fractions of crude oil.
To define cracking of alkanes.

Discuss composition of the carbon atom; hence deduce number of valence electrons.
Exposition of new terms.
Expose various alkanes.
Discuss the biomass digester, fractional distillation of crude oil and uses of the fractions.
Discuss the cracking process.

student book
Chart of biomass digester.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 92
Longhorn
Book III
P 135

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Naming Alkanes.
Members of Alkane series.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various alkanes.
To define a homologous series.
To name members of alkane series and identify their characteristics.
To draw the structures of alkane series.

Discussion and exposition of new concepts.

student book
Chart- structure of alkanes.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 94-98
Longhorn
Book III
PP 136-139

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Isomerism in alkanes.
Laboratory preparation of a given alkane.
Trend in physical properties of alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and name isomers of simple hydrocarbons.
To describe laboratory preparation of a given alkane.
To state physical properties of the gases prepared.
To describe the trend in physical properties of alkanes.

Discussion and exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration.
Discussion.
Study a table of comparative properties of alkanes.
Make deductions from the table.

Models.
Sodium ethanoate, sodalime,
Pestle and mortar.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 101-102 Longhorn Book III
PP 141-2

K.L.B. BK III
P. 105

Longhorn
Book III
PP 148-9

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Chemical properties of alkanes.
Substitution reactions involving alkanes. Uses of alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chemical properties of alkanes.
To describe substitution reactions involving alkanes.
To list down uses of alkanes.

Discussion
Examples of balanced equations.
Discussion
Teacher elucidates uses of alkanes.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 107
Longhorn
Book III
PP 148-9

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Alkenes. Molecular formulae of alkenes.
Naming alkenes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write molecular formulae of alkenes.
To name various alkenes.

Examine table of members of alkenes.
To identify members of alkene series.
Q/Q: Nomenclature in alkenes.
Compare alkenes; hence deduce names of various alkenes.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP 153-4

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Alkene isomerism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between branching and positional isomerism.

Discussion and drawing of molecular structures.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 113
Longhorn
Book III
PP 158-60

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Preparing ethene in the lab.
Physical properties of ethene.
Chemical properties of ethene.
Alkenes and oxidizing agents.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lab preparation of ethene.
To describe physical properties of ethene and other alkenes.
To explain halogenation and hydrogenation reactions.
To describe reactions of alkenes with oxidizing agents.

Teacher demonstration: - Carry out tests on ethene as students note down the observations in a table.
To discuss physical properties of ethene and other alkenes.
Discussion and drawing structures.
Review the double bonds in alkenes.
Review reduction process, oxidizing agent.
Discuss reactions of alkenes with conc. H2SO4, acidified potassium chromate.
Expose hydrolysis process.

chart
student book
charts

K.L.B. BK III
P 162

KLB BK III
PP. 118-119
Longhorn
Book III
PP 166-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Uses of alkenes & Topic review.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down uses of alkenes.

Teacher elucidates uses of alkenes.

Assignment.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 121 Longhorn Book
PP 170-1

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Alkynes. Nomenclature.
Isomerism in alkynes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various alkynes.
To name and draw structures of alkynes.
To draw structure showing positional and branching isomerism.

Discuss a table of members of alkynes.
Review naming of alkanes and alkene and compare this with naming of alkynes.
Discussion and drawing structures.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 122-123
Longhorn
Book III
PP 126-129 171-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Physical properties of ethyne.
Chemical properties of ethyne.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down physical properties of ethyne.
To describe combustion, halogenation and hydrogenation processes.

Teacher demonstration: Preparation of ethyne.
Deduce properties of other alkynes.
Discussion and writing of equations.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 125-126
Longhorn
Book III
PP 197-80

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Tests for alkynes. Uses of alkynes.
Strength of acids. Acids in aqueous form.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe tests for alkynes and state uses of alkynes.


Define an acid in terms of hydrogen ions.

Explain strength of acids in aqueous form in terms of number of hydrogen ions present.

Discussion and explanations.

Assignment.




Class experiments: investigate reactions of magnesium and zinc carbonate with different acids.
Make and record observations in tabular form.
Make deductions from the observations.
Write relevant chemical equations and ionic equations.
Detailed discussion leading to the definition of an acid and explanation of strength of an acid.

charts




Magnesium strip, zinc carbonate,
2M HCl,
2M H2SO4,
2M ethanoic acid.

K.L.B. BK III
P.130

Longhorn Book III
PP 180-84





K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 1-4

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

pH values of acids. Electrical conductivities of aqueous acids.
Definition of a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine strength of acids using pH values.
Determine strengths of acids by comparing their electrical conductivities.
Classify acids as either strong or weak in terms of partial dissociations in aqueous solutions.
Define a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

Q/A: review determination of strength of acids using a litmus paper and pH scale.
Class / group experiments: record colour of universal indicator in
2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid.
Set up voltameters of 2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid in turns.
Record amounts of current .
Discuss the observations.
Write corresponding ionic equations.
Teacher demonstration:
Dissolve calcium hydroxide in water.
Carry out litmus test on the resulting solution.
Discuss the results; hence define a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

Universal
indicator,
2M HCl,
2M ethanoic acid,
dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milli-ammeters,
wires, switches etc.
Red litmus paper, calcium hydroxide solid.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 4-6

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Neutralization reaction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the results of reaction of an acid and a base.

Add 1M HCl to an aqueous solution of Calcium hydroxide drop wise until colour, change of the universal indicator is noted.
Write ionic equation for the reaction.

1M HCl,
Calcium hydroxide,
universal indicator.

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 7

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Strength of bases.
Dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water / methylbenzene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare strengths of bases using pH values and electrical conductivity.
Classify bases/ alkali as either strong or weak in terms of complete / partial ionization.
Define a polar and a non-polar solvent.

Carry out pH tests of 2M NaOH and 2M ammonia solution using universal indicator solutions; and observe colour changes.
Carry out electrical conductivity tests of voltameters of the above solutions.
Discussion: relate number of hydroxide ions to pH values and electrical conductivity of bases.
Teacher demonstration:
Dissolving HCl gas in different solvents.
Discuss the observations.
Write down related balanced chemical equations.

2M NaOH,
2M ammonia solution, universal indicator solutions, dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milliammeters,
wires, switches etc
Ammonia gas,
Methylbenzene, hydrogen chloride gas.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 7-9

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Dissolving ammonia gas in water/ methylbenzene.
Amphoteric oxides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate effect of a polar / non-polar solvent on ammonia gas.
Define an amphoteric oxide.
Identify some amphoteric oxides.

Carry out litmus tests on the resulting solution.
Make observations and deductions thereof.
Write down related balanced chemical equations.
Class experiment:
Carry out acid / base reactions with metal oxides.
Q/A: make deductions from the results.
Writing and balancing relevant equations.

Ammonia gas,
Methylbenzene.
2M Nitric acid
2M NaOH,
HNO3.
Amphoteric oxides.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 11-12
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 12-14

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Precipitation Reactions.
Solubility of chlorides sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a precipitate.
Write ionic equations showing formation of precipitates.
Find out cations that form (in)soluble chlorides, sulphates and sulphites.

Q/A: review definition of a salt.
Class experiment;
Add sodium carbonate or a suitable carbonate to various salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.
Make observations and discuss the results.
Class experiments: measure 2cc of 0.1M solution containing Pb2+ into a test tube.
Add drops of 2M NaCl solution.
(Later 2M Sodium Sulphate and 2M Sodium Sulphate).
Warm the mixture and make observations.
Repeat the procedure using other salt solutions containing other ions.
Tabulate the results.

Soluble carbonates e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3
Salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.
0.1M solution containing Pb2+, 2M NaCl solution, 2M sodium sulphate, source of heating.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 14-16

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write down equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

Q/A: review observations made in the above experiments.
Discuss the solubility of the cations.
Write relevant ionic equations.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 17-18

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Complex ions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of complex ions.

Add drops of 2M sodium hydroxide / 2M ammonia solution to a solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.

Make observations and discuss the results.

2M Sodium hydroxide (2M ammonia solution),
solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 18-20

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Solubility of a salt at a given temperature.
Problems solving on solubility.
Effect of temperature on solubility of a solute in a solvent.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term solubility.
Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature.
Solve problems involving solubility of a solute in a solvent at a given temperature.
Investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of a solute in a solvent.

Q/A: review the terms saturated, unsaturated solutions & crystallization.
Class experiment: determine mass of a solute that dissolves in 100cc of water at room temperature.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice.
Written assignment.
Experiments involving solubility of KClO3 at different temperatures.
Note temperatures at which crystallization occurs.
Oral questions and discussion.

Suitable solutes.
Evaporating dish, watch glass, heating source, thermometer.
KClO3 thermometers, source of heat.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 20-21
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 22-25

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Effects of various salts on soap.
Removal of hardness of water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the effects of various salts on soap.
Identify ions for hardness of water.
Identify methods of removing hardness of water.
State merits & demerits of hard water.

Group experiments: form soap lather in distilled water, tap water, rainwater, dilute solution of sodium chloride and solutions containing Ca2+ and Zn2+.
Note volume of soap that forms lather readily.
Review results of above experiments.
Probing questions & brief discussion.
Assignment.

distilled water, tap water, rainwater, dilute solution of sodium chloride and solutions containing Ca2+ and Zn2+.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 25-27

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Alkanols (Alcohols).
Nomenclature of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the functional group of alkanols.
Explain formation of alkanol molecules.
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanols.

Q/A: review alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Teacher exposes new concepts and links them with already known concepts.
Guided discovery of naming system for alkanols.
Draw and name structures of alkanols.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 205

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Isomerism in alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe positional and chain isomerism in alkanols.
Explain formation of primary and secondary alkanols.

Q/A: review the terms positional and chain isomerism.
Brief discussion on isomerism.
Oral exercise: naming given organic compounds.
Written exercise: writing structural formulae for isomers of organic compounds of a given molecular formula.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 208-10

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Preparation of ethanol in the lab.
Physical properties of alkanols.
Chemical properties of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe preparation of ethanol in the laboratory.
Explain the physical properties of alkanols.
Describe some chemical reactions of alkanols.

Group experiments / teacher demonstration.
Discuss the fermentation process.
Comparative evaluation of physical properties of alkanols.
Q/A & discussion on variation in physical properties of alkanols.
Group experiments/ teacher demonstration to investigate combustion of ethanol and its reaction with metals.
Write corresponding chemical equations.

Calcium hydroxide solution, sugar solution, yeast.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 210-11
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 213-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Esters and esterification.
Oxidation of ethanol. Uses of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of esters.
Describe the esterification process.
Explain oxidation of ethanol by an oxidizing agent.
State uses of alkanols.
Explain the effects of alcohol on human health

Teacher exposes and explains new concepts.
Assignment.
Q/A: review redox reactions, oxidizing and reducing agents.
Brief discussion: oxidation of ethanol using potassium (VII) manganate or potassium (VI) dichromate.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Open discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 215-6

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Alkanoic (Carboxylic Acids).

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the functional group of alkanoic (carboxylic) acids.
Explain formation of alkanoic acid molecule.

Q/A: review functional group of alkanols.

Brief discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 219

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Nomenclature of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanoic acids.

Guided discovery of the naming system for alkanoic acids.

Chart: homologous series of alkanoic acids.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 219-221

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Lab preparation of ethanoic acid.
Physical properties of alkanoic acids.
Chemical properties of alkanoic acids.
Chemical properties & Uses of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe laboratory preparation of ethanoic acid.
Explain some physical properties of alkanoic acids.
Explain some chemical properties of alkanoic acids.
Write equations for chemical reactions involving acids.
State uses of alkanoic acids.

Teacher demonstration: prepare ethanoic acid in the lab.
Brief discussion on preparation of ethanoic acid.
Compare physical properties of some alkanoic acids.
Discuss the difference in physical properties among alkanoic acids.
Group experiment: investigate some chemical properties of ethanoic acid.
Carry out tests and record observations in a table.
Review and discuss the observations above.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Teacher elucidates uses of alkanoic acids.

Concentrated H2SO4, potassium manganate
(VII) Crystals, water bath.
student book
Ethanoic acid, universal indicator, sodium carbonate, magnesium strip, ethanol, conc. H2SO4 and sodium hydroxide.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 221-223
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 224-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Soap preparation in the lab.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soap preparation in the lab.

Group experiments,
Answer questions based on the experiments already carried out.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 227-230

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Cleaning action of soap.
Effects of hard / soft water on soap.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nature of a soap molecule.
Explain the mode of action in cleaning.
Explain the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.

Expository and descriptive approaches.
Answer oral questions.
Group experiments: form soap lather in different solutions.
Deduce the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.

student book
Distilled water, tap water, rainwater, sodium chloride solution.
Calcium nitrate, Zinc Sulphate, etc.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 230-232

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Soapless detergents.
Polymers and polymerization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare soapless detergents in the lab.
State merits of soapless detergents over soaps.
Explain the concepts additional and condensation polymerization as methods of making synthetic polymers.
Identify some products of polymerization.
State merits and demerits of synthetic polymers over natural materials.

Teacher demonsration.
Brief discussion.
Teacher exposes and explains new concepts.
Detailed discussion.
Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 235-238

RADIOACTIVITY

Definition of radioactivity.
Alpha particles.
Equations involving alpha particles.
Beta particles. Gamma rays.
Radioactive Half-Life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define radioactivity, a nuclide and radioactive decay.
Differentiate between natural and artificial radioactivity.


State properties of alpha particles.
Describe methods of detecting alpha particles.
Write down and balance equations involving alpha particles.
State properties of beta particles.
Define isotopes and isobars.
Write down balanced equations involving both alpha and beta particles.
State properties of gamma rays.
Define the term radioactive half-life. Solve problems relating to half ?life

Q/A: Review the atomic structure.
Exposition: symbolic representation of an atom / nucleus.
Exposition: meaning of radioactivity and radioactive decay.
Discussion: artificial and natural radioactivity.


Q/A: position of helium in the periodic table.
Expository approach:
Q/A: Review atomic and mass numbers.
Examples of balanced equations.
Supervised practice.
Q/A: Review isotopes.
Expository approach: teacher briefly exposes new concepts.
Examples of equations.
Supervised practice.
Assignment.
Teacher demonstration: Dice experiment.
Exposition of the term half-life.
Worked examples.
Written exercise

student book
student book
Dice.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 249-251
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 251-253

RADIOACTIVITY

Radioactive decay curve.
Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Applications of radioactivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plot a radioactive decay curve to deduce the
half ?life from the curve.
Differentiate between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
Describe applications of radioactivity.

Drawing a radioactive decay curve inferring the half-life of the sample from the graph.
Exposition of new concepts accompanied by nuclear equations.
Brief discussion: Carbon dating, detecting leakage, medication, agriculture, industry; effect of static charges, etc.

Graph papers.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 254-5