THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Atomic and mass numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Name the subatomic particles in an atom.
Define atomic number and mass number of an atom.
Represent atomic and mass numbers symbolically.

Exposition on new concepts;
Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

text book

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

First twenty elements of the periodic table.
Isotopes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List the first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Write chemical symbols of the first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Define isotopes.
Give examples of isotopes.

Expository approach: referring to the periodic table, teacher exposes the first twenty elements.
Writing down a list of first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Exposition of definition and examples of isotopes.
Giving examples of isotopes.

Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent isotopes symbolically.
Define an energy level.
Describe electronic configuration in an atom.

Exposition ? teacher exposes new concepts about electronic configuration.
Written exercise.

Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II
P. 4





PP. 5-9

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration in diagrams.
Periods of the periodic table.
Groups of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent electronic configuration diagrammatically.
Identify elements of the same period.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.
Exposition ? Definition of a period.
Q/A: Examples of elements of the same period.
Exposition ? definition of a group.
Q/A: examples of elements of the same group.

text book
Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II
PP. 5-8
K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 9

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

R.M.M. and isotopes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate R.M.M. from isotopic composition.

Supervised practice involving calculation of RMM from isotopic composition.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 11-13

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions and ion formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an ion and a cation.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery that metals need to lose one, two or three electrons to attain stability.
Examples of positive ions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 14-15

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions representation.
Negative ions and ion formation.
Valencies of metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent formation of positive ions symbolically.
To define an anion.
To describe formation of negative ions symbolically.
Recall valencies of metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.

Diagrammatic representation of cations.
Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery of formation of negative ions.
Diagrammatic representation of anions.
Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Chart  ion model.
Chart  ion model.
Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 16
K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencie of non-metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall valencies of non-metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.

Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencies of radicals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a radical.
Recall the valencies of common radicals.

Exposition ? teacher defines a radical, gives examples of radicals and exposes their valencies.
Students draw a table of radicals and their valencies.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Oxidation number.
Electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number
Chemical formulae of compounds. - Elements of equal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define oxidation number.
Predict oxidation numbers from position of elements in the periodic table.
Relate electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number of different elements.
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of equal valencies.

Q/A: Valencies.
Expose oxidation numbers of common ions.
Students complete a table of ions and their oxidation numbers.
Written exercise;
Exercise review.
Discuss formation of compounds such as NaCl, MgO.

The periodic table.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIvP 18
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of unequal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of unequal valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as MgCl2
Al (NO3)3

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of variable valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of variable valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as
-Copper (I) Oxide.
-Copper (II) Oxide.
-Iron (II) Sulphate.
-Iron (III) Sulphate.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical equations.
Balanced chemical equations.
Balanced chemical equations.(contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify components of chemical equations.
To balance chemical equations correctly.

Review word equations;
Exposition of new concepts with probing questions;
Brief discussion.
Exposition;
Supervised practice.
Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 21-23
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 25-8

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Alkali metals. Atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:





Identify alkali metals.
State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals.

Q/A to reviews elements of group I and their electronic configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Discussion & making deductions from the table.

The periodic

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 28-29

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Ionisation energy of alkali metals.
Physical properties of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State changes in number of energy levels and ionisation energy of alkali metals.
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkali metals.

Examine a table of elements, number of energy levels and their ionization energy.
Discuss the trend deduced from the table.
Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Li, Na, and K.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion on physical properties of alkali metals.

text book
Chart ? comparative properties of Li, Na, K.

K.L.B. BOOK II

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of alkali metals.
Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of alkali metals with water.
To write balanced equations for reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

Q/A: Review reaction of metals with water.
Writing down chemical equations for the reactions.
Deduce and discuss the order of reactivity down the group.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of sodium with chlorine in a fume chamber.
Q/A: Students to predict a similar reaction between potassium and chlorine.
Word and balanced chemical equations for various reactions.

text book
Sodium, chlorine.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 32
K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Compounds of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkali metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.

Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkali metals with anions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Uses of alkali metals.
Alkaline Earth metals Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of alkali metals.
Identify alkaline earth metals.
State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.

Descriptive approach: Teacher elucidates uses of alkali metals.
Q/A: Elements of group I and their electron configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Make deductions from the table.

text book
Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Physical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkaline earth metals.
To describe electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Be, Mg, Ca.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion of physical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Teacher demonstration: -
To show alkaline metals are good conductors of electric charge.

Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 35
K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 37

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals. Reaction of alkaline earth metals with oxygen.
Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals. Reaction of alkaline earth metals with water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of alkaline earth metals with oxygen
To describe reaction of alkaline earth metals with water.

Q/A: Review reactions of Mg, Ca, with oxygen.
The corresponding word and then chemical equations are then written and their correctness verified by the teacher.
Q/A: Review reaction of metals with water.
Writing down word and balanced chemical equations for the reactions.
Deduce and discuss the order of reactivity down the group.

text book
Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 38

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of alkaline earth metals with chlorine gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced equations for reaction of alkaline earth metals with chlorine gas.

Teacher demonstration- Reaction of sodium with chlorine in a fume chamber.
Q/A: Students to predict a similar reaction between potassium and chlorine.
Word and balanced chemical equations for various reactions.
Supervised practice.

Sodium, chlorine.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 41

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of alkaline earth metals with dilute acids.
Chemical formulae of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with dilute acids.
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkaline earth metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkaline earth metals.

Changing word to chemical equations.
Supervised practice.
Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkaline earth metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkaline earth metals with anions.

revision book
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 43
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 45-47

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Uses of some alkaline earth metals and their compounds.
Halogens. Physical properties of halogens.
Comparative physical properties of halogens.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of alkaline earth metals.
Identify halogens in the periodic table.
Give examples of halogens.
Identify physical states of halogens.
To state and explain the trends in physical properties of halogens.

Descriptive approach: Teacher elucidates uses of alkaline earth metals.
Teacher demonstration: - To examine electrical properties of iodine, solubility in water of chlorine.
Examine a comparative table of physical properties of halogens.
Discuss the deductions made from the table.

text book
Iodine crystals, electrical wire, a bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 45-47

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of halogens.
Equations of reaction of halogens with metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe laboratory preparation of chlorine gas.
To describe reaction of halogens with metals.
To write balanced chemical equations of reactions involving halogens.

Teacher demonstration: - preparation of chlorine gas.
Reaction of chlorine and iron wool.
Reaction of bromine and iron wool.
Reaction of iodine and iron wool.
Observe the rate of these reactions; hence deduce order of their reactivity of halogens.
Re-write word equations as chemical equations then balance them.
Supervised practice.

Chlorine, iron wool, bromine.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 48-50

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of halogens with water.
Some uses of halogens and their compounds.
Noble Gases. Comparative physical properties of noble gases.
Uses of noble gases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of halogens with water and the results obtained.
To state uses of halogens and their compounds.
To describe physical properties of noble gases.
To explain physical properties of noble gases.
State uses of noble gases.

Bubbling chlorine gas through water.
Carry out litmus test for the water.
Explain the observations.

Teacher elucidates uses of halogens and their compounds.
Make A comparative analysis of tabulated physical properties of noble gases.
Teacher elucidates uses of noble gases.

Chlorine gas, litmus papers.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 51
K.L.B. BOOK II pp 52

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Chemical bonds. Ionic bond.
Ionic bond representation.
Grant ionic structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe role of valence electrons in determining chemical bonding.
Explain formation of ionic bonding.
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent ionic bonding.
Describe the crystalline ionic compound.
Give examples of ionic substances.

Q/A: Review valence electrons of atoms of elements in groups I, II, III, VII and VIII.
Q/A: Review group I and group VII elements.
Discuss formation of ionic bond.
Drawing diagrams of ionic bonds.
Discuss the group ionic structures of NaCl.
Teacher gives examples of other ionic substances: KNO3, potassium bromide, Ca (NO3)2, sodium iodide.

text book
Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.
Giant sodium chloride model.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP54




PP 57-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Physical properties of ionic compounds.
Covalent bond.
Co-ordinate bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the differences in the physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the formation of covalent bond
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent covalent bond.
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

Analyse tabulated comparative physical properties of ionic compounds.
Teacher asks probing questions.
Exposition: Shared pair of electrons in a hydrogen molecule, H2O, NH3, Cl2, and CO2.
Drawing of dot-and-cross diagrams of covalent bonds.
Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 58-59

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Molecular structure.
Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.
Giant atomic structure in diamond.
Giant atomic structure in graphite.
Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the molecular structure.
To give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure
To describe van- der -waals forces.
To explain the trend in physical properties of molecular structures.
To describe giant atomic structure in diamond.
To state uses of diamond.
To describe giant atomic structure in graphite.
To state uses of graphite.
To describe mutual electronic forces between electrons and nuclei.
To describe metallic bond.
To compare physical properties of metals.
To state uses of some metals.

Discussion ? To explain formation of the giant structure and give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure.
Discuss comparative physical properties of substances. exhibiting molecular structure.
Explain variation in the physical properties.
Diagrammatic representation of diamond.
Discuss uses of diamond.
Diagrammatic representation of graphite.
Discuss uses of graphite.
Discussion:
Detailed analysis of comparative physical properties of metals and their uses.
Probing questions & brief explanations.

text book
Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.
Diagrams in textbooks.
Diagrams in textbooks.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65
K.L.B. BOOK II pp 69