ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Classification of substances as acidic, neutral or basic.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss broad classification of substances as acids bases or neutral.

Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
P. 54

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Simple acid-base indicators.
Commercial indicators.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define an acid-base indicator.
Prepare acid-base indicator from flower extracts.
Identify common commercial indicators.
Classify substances as acidic or basic using commercial indicators.

Group experiments;
Obtain flower extracts; Observe colour changes of extracts in given solutions.
Classify substances.
Exposition;
Observe effects of substances on indicators.
Record colour changes and make inferences.

Red / blue flowers, pestle, mortar, propanone, teat pipette.
Phenolphthalene, litmus papers, methyl orange, HCl. NaoH, lemon juice, soap, toothpaste, calcium hydroxide,etc.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 54--56

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Universal indicators and pH.
Reaction of acids with metals.
Reaction of acids with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine strength of acids / bases using universal indicators and pH scale.
Describe reactions of acids with metals.
Describe reaction of acids with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

Exposition,
Find pH values of various substances.
T/demonstration; reaction of dilute acids with metals.
Discuss based on observation made.
Make solutions.
Standard experiments; observe colour changes;
Discuss results.
Write chemical equations.

Phenolphthalene, litmus papers, methyl orange, HCl. NaoH,lemon juice, soap, toothpaste, calcium hydroxide.
Dil HCl,
zinc dranules,
magnesium.
Carbonates of calcium, copper, sodium.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 58--59

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates.

Standard experiments; observe colour changes;
Discuss results.
Write chemical equations.

Hydrogen carbonates.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 62-63

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS
AIR AND COMBUSTION

Reaction of acids with bases.
Effects and uses of acids and bases.
Composition of air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of acids with bases.
Explain effects of acids / bases on the environment.
State uses of acids / bases.
State the composition of air by volume.

Discuss properties of acids and bases.
Write chemical equations.
Open discussion;
Q/A and exposition of uses of acids / bases.
Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

Metal oxides and acids.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 63-65

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Air and combustion.
Active part of air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe an experiment to show percentage of air that supports burning.
Determine percentage of active part of air using copper.

Teacher demonstrations;
Discussion;
Worked examples.

Sodium hydroxide solution, candle, gas jar, trough, copper turnings, hard glass tube, glass syringes.
Copper turnings, glass wool, syringes, plastic tubing.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 68-71

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Rusting.
Percentage of air used up during rusting.
Preventing rusting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify conditions necessary for rusting.
Describe an experiment to show percentage of air used up during rusting.
State methods of preventing rusting.

Group experiments;
Discussion.
Teacher demonstration;
Questioning;

Iron
Iron nails, troughs.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 76-77

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Smouldering of phosphorus.
Presence of carbon (IV) oxide and water in the air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe an experiment to show percentage of air used up when phosphorus smoulders.
Describe an experiment to show presence of carbon (IV) oxide and water in the air.

Teacher demonstration;
Discussion.
Probing questions on colour changes;

White phosphorus, trough.
Aspirator, lime water, u-tube, anhydrous calcium chloride.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 72-73

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Fractional distillation of liquid air.
Lab preparation of oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe fractional distillation of liquid air.
Prepare oxygen in the lab.
State physical properties of oxygen.

Q/A to review fractional distillation;
Discuss flow diagram.
Teacher demonstration / group expts;
Questioning;
Discussion.

Flowchart.
Sodium peroxide, manganese (IV) oxide, potassium permanganate.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 75-76

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Burning metals in air (oxygen)
Products of burning metals in air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State how metals burn in air.
Identify products of burning metals in air.

Teacher demonstration;
Questioning;
Discussion.
Write equations.
Group experiments;
Testing for products;
Write chemical equations.

Sodium, calcium,
magnesium,
iron, copper.
Weighing balance.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 80-81

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Reactivity series.
Burning non-metals in air (oxygen)
Competition for oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall the reactivity series for some metals.
Identify products of burning non-metals in air.
Describe redox reactions.
Write equations for redox reactions.
State applications of redox reactions.

Questioning;
Discussion.
Teacher demonstration;
Write equations.
Q/A to review redox reactions;
Teacher demonstrations;

Chart- reactivity series for metals.
Carbon, sulphur, phosphorus.
Metals and metal oxides.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
P. 83

AIR AND COMBUSTION
WATER AND HYDROGEN
WATER AND HYDROGEN

Reactivity series based on redox reactions, Uses of oxygen. Environmental pollution.
Burning candle wax in air.
Reaction of cold water with metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall the reactivity series.
State uses of oxygen.
Discuss environmental pollution.
Test for the products of burning candle wax in air.
Identify products of reaction of cold water with metals.

Q/A to review redox reactions;
Open discussion.
Teacher demonstrations;
Discussion.
Discussion;
Write equations.

TEXT BOOK
Candles, lime water.
Calcium, sodium grain.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 88-89

WATER AND HYDROGEN

Reaction of steam with metals.
Hydrogen. - lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify products of reaction of steam with metals.
Recall the reactivity series of metals based on reaction with water.
Describe laboratory preparation of hydrogen.

Teacher demonstrations;
Test for evolved gas;
Discussion;
Write equations.
Review reactivity series.
Discussion.

Magnesium ribbon, sand, iron / steel wool.
Zinc granules,
dil HCl,
conc. sulphuric acid.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 94-96

WATER AND HYDROGEN

Hydrogen. - physical properties.
Hydrogen as a reducing agent.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State physical properties of hydrogen.
Describe an experiment to show reducing properties of hydrogen.

Probing questions and discussion.
Teacher demonstration;
Discussion;
Write equations.

Zinc granules,
dil HCl,
conc. sulphuric acid, litmus papers.
Copper (II) oxide, anhydrous Copper (II) sulphate., dry hydrogen.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 97-98

WATER AND HYDROGEN
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Burning hydrogen in air.
Uses of hydrogen.
Atomic and mass numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify products of burning hydrogen in air.
State uses of hydrogen.
Name the subatomic particles in an atom.
Define atomic number and mass number of an atom.
Represent atomic and mass numbers symbolically.

Teacher demonstration;
Discussion.
Probing questions;
Open discussion.
Exposition on new concepts;
Brief discussion.

Anhydrous calcium chloride,
hydrogen, U tube, ice cold water.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 101-102

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

First twenty elements of the periodic table.
Isotopes.
Electronic configuration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List the first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Write chemical symbols of the first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Define isotopes.
Give examples of isotopes.
Represent isotopes symbolically.
Define an energy level.
Describe electronic configuration in an atom.

Expository approach: referring to the periodic table, teacher exposes the first twenty elements.
Writing down a list of first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Exposition of definition and examples of isotopes.
Giving examples of isotopes.
Exposition ? teacher exposes new concepts about electronic configuration.
Written exercise.

Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration in diagrams.
Periods of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent electronic configuration diagrammatically.
Identify elements of the same period.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.
Exposition ? Definition of a period.
Q/A: Examples of elements of the same period.

text book
Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II
PP. 5-8

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Groups of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify elements of the same period.

Exposition ? definition of a group.
Q/A: examples of elements of the same group.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 9

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

R.M.M. and isotopes.
Positive ions and ion formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate R.M.M. from isotopic composition.
To define an ion and a cation.

Supervised practice involving calculation of RMM from isotopic composition.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery that metals need to lose one, two or three electrons to attain stability.
Examples of positive ions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 11-13

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent formation of positive ions symbolically.

Diagrammatic representation of cations.

Chart  ion model.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 16

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Negative ions and ion formation.
Valencies of metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an anion.
To describe formation of negative ions symbolically.
Recall valencies of metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery of formation of negative ions.
Diagrammatic representation of anions.
Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Chart  ion model.
Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencie of non-metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall valencies of non-metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.

Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencies of radicals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a radical.
Recall the valencies of common radicals.

Exposition ? teacher defines a radical, gives examples of radicals and exposes their valencies.
Students draw a table of radicals and their valencies.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Oxidation number.
Electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define oxidation number.
Predict oxidation numbers from position of elements in the periodic table.
Relate electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number of different elements.

Q/A: Valencies.
Expose oxidation numbers of common ions.
Students complete a table of ions and their oxidation numbers.
Written exercise;
Exercise review.

The periodic table.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIvP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. - Elements of equal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of equal valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as NaCl, MgO.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of unequal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of unequal valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as MgCl2
Al (NO3)3

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of variable valencies.
Chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of variable valencies.
To identify components of chemical equations.

Discuss formation of compounds such as
-Copper (I) Oxide.
-Copper (II) Oxide.
-Iron (II) Sulphate.
-Iron (III) Sulphate.
Review word equations;
Exposition of new concepts with probing questions;
Brief discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Balanced chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To balance chemical equations correctly.

Exposition;
Supervised practice.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 24-25

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE
CHEMICAL FAMILIES
CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Balanced chemical equations.(contd)
Alkali metals. Atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals
Ionisation energy of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To balance chemical equations correctly.
Identify alkali metals.
State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals.
State changes in number of energy levels and ionisation energy of alkali metals.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.
Q/A to reviews elements of group I and their electronic configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Discussion & making deductions from the table.
Examine a table of elements, number of energy levels and their ionization energy.
Discuss the trend deduced from the table.

text book
The periodic

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 25-8

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Physical properties of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkali metals.

Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Li, Na, and K.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion on physical properties of alkali metals.

Chart ? comparative properties of Li, Na, K.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 30-31

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of alkali metals with water.

Q/A: Review reaction of metals with water.
Writing down chemical equations for the reactions.
Deduce and discuss the order of reactivity down the group.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 32

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.
Compounds of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced equations for reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkali metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of sodium with chlorine in a fume chamber.
Q/A: Students to predict a similar reaction between potassium and chlorine.
Word and balanced chemical equations for various reactions.
Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkali metals with anions.

Sodium, chlorine.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Uses of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of alkali metals.

Descriptive approach: Teacher elucidates uses of alkali metals.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Alkaline Earth metals Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.
Physical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify alkaline earth metals.
State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkaline earth metals.
To describe electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Q/A: Elements of group I and their electron configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Make deductions from the table.
Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Be, Mg, Ca.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion of physical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Teacher demonstration: -
To show alkaline metals are good conductors of electric charge.

Some alkaline earth metals.
Alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34