SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Sulphate and sulphite ions. Uses of SO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out tests for Sulphate and sulphite ions.

State uses of SO2.

Class experiments.
Make deductions from the observations made.
Write (ionic) equations for the reactions.
Teacher elucidates uses of SO2.

Sodium sulphate
Barium chloride
Barium nitrate.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 200
Longhorn
Book III
PP 268-9

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Sulphuric acid. Contact process of manufacture.
Properties of conc. H2SO4.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify raw materials for manufacture of sulphuric acid.
To describe the contact process.

Discussion using schematic
flow charts.
Writing equations.
Discuss above observations.
Write relevant equations.

Chart-schematic
Flow charts.
charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP.201-203
Longhorn
Book III
PP 275-6

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Physical properties of sulphuric acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To dilute conc. sulphuric acid.
State physical properties of sulphuric acid.

Teacher demonstration ? diluting conc. sulphuric acid.
Discuss use of conc. sulphuric acid as a drying and dehydrating agent.

Conc. sulphuric acid.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 205
Longhorn
Book III
PP 274-5

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical properties of Sulphuric acid.
Dilute H2SO4, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations to show that conc. sulphuric acid is a drying and dehydrating agent.
To describe reactions of dilute H2SO4 with metals.

To describe reaction of dilute H2SO4 with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

Discussion and explanations.
Group expts. ? reaction of metals with dilute H2SO4, make observations and relevant deductions; writing corresponding equations.
Discussion, writing relevant equations.

Magnesium, zinc, copper metals.
charts

K.L.B.
BK III P. 206
Longhorn
Book III
PP 276-8


K.L.B.
BK III P. 208

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Dilute H2SO4, and metal oxides and hydroxides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate reaction of dilute H2SO4 with metal oxides and hydroxides.

Class expts.
Observing colour changes.

Oxides of magnesium, zinc, copper.
NaOH Solution.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 210
Longhorn
Book III
PP 287-8

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Dilute H2SO4 and metal oxides & hydroxides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain reactions of dilute H2SO4 with metal oxides and hydroxides.

Discussion, writing relevant chemical equations.

charts equation for reaction of  metals with Dil sulphuric acid

K.L.B.
BK III P. 211

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Hydrogen sulphide. Preparation of the gas. Reaction of the gas with oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe preparation of hydrogen sulphide.
To state properties of the gas.

Theoretical / descriptive approach.
Writing corresponding equations.
Discuss physical properties of the gas and reaction of the gas with oxygen.

charts on preparation of hydrogen sulphide gas

K.L.B.
BK III P. 210
Longhorn
Book III
PP 289-90

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reaction of the gas with water. Reducing properties of the gas.
Sulphur and its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of the gas with water.
To demonstrate reducing properties of the gas.

To explain environmental pollution caused by sulphur and its compounds.

Writing chemical equations for the reactions.
Discussion and explanation.

charts reducing properties of hydrogen sulphide gas             ICT integration  on reducing action of the gas

K.L.B.
BK III P. 212.
Longhorn
Book III
PP 291-2

K.L.B.
BK III P. 214
Longhorn Book
PP 293-5

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Lab. preparation of chlorine gas.
Physical properties of chlorine.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe laboratory preparation of chlorine gas.
State physical properties of chlorine.

Teacher demonstration ? gas prep. tests on the gas.
Q/A: Relate the properties to the method of collection of the gas.
Write equations for the reaction leading to formation of chlorine.

Conc. HCl, Manganese (IV) oxide.
charts

K.L.B.BK III
P. 219
Longhorn
Book III
PP 298-9

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical properties of chlorine ? reaction with water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and explain reaction of chlorine with water.

Teacher demonstration:
Writing chemical equations.

Moist blue litmus papers.

K.L.B.BK III
P. 222
Longhorn
Book III
PP 301-2

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Chemical properties of chlorine - Reaction with metals - Reaction with non-metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and explain reaction of chlorine with metals / non-metals.

Teacher demonstration:
Discussion.
Writing chemical equations.

chart on reaction of metals with chlorine

K.L.B.BK III
PP.
224 -225
Longhorn
Book III
PP 303-5

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

- Oxidizing properties of chlorine.
Chlorine and alkalis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and explain reaction of chlorine with reducing a gents.
To investigate and explain reaction of chlorine with alkalis.

Group experiments.
Discuss and explain observations made.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Teacher demonstration: Bubbling chlorine with dilute cold / hot NaOH solution.
Make observations and account for them.

Expt. Worksheets.
Cold / hot NaOH solutions.                      ICT intergration on oxidizing properties of chlorine

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 226 -227
Longhorn Book
PP 307-8

K.L.B.BK III
P. 228
Longhorn Book III
PP 313-4

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Test for chlorides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out tests for chlorides.

Class expts.
Discuss observations, results.
Write chemical equations for the reactions.

Expt. Worksheets.
Zinc chloride, litmus paper, conc. Sulphuric acid.

K.L.B.BK III
P. 230
Longhorn Book III
PP 318-319

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of chlorine gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of chlorine.

Teacher elucidates uses of chlorine.

chart on uses of chlorine gas

K.L.B.BK III
P. 231
Longhorn Book III
PP 320

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Hydrogen chloride gas. Lab. prep. Physical properties.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe Lab. prep of hydrogen chloride gas.
To investigate and state physical properties of hydrogen chloride gas.

Teacher demonstration.
Carry out tests on the gas and deduce the properties of the gas.

Sodium chloride crystals, conc H2SO4

K.L.B.BK III
P. 232
Longhorn
Book III
PP 323-4

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Aqueous hydrogen chloride.
Further chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To prepare aqueous hydrogen chloride.
To determine chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas.
To carry out confirmatory test for hydrogen chloride gas.

Class experiment leading to deduction of chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas.

Class experiment leading to deduction of further chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas / confirmatory test for hydrogen chloride gas.

Distilled water.
Ammonia solution.

K.L.B.BK III
P. 234
K.L.B. BK III
PP.
235 -223
Longhorn
Book III
PP 327-331

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Large-scale production of hydrochloric acid.
Uses of hydrochloric acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify raw materials for manufacture of hydrochloric acid in large scale.
Describe the manufacturing process.
To state uses of hydrochloric acid.

Discussion and giving relevant equations.
Brief discussion.

charts large scale production of hydrochloric acid

K.L.B.BK III
P. 237
Longhorn Book III
P 330

CHLORINE & ITS COMPOUNDS

Effects of hydrochloric acid on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain effects of hydrochloric acid on the environment.

Discussion and explanation.
Assignment.

charts on effects of hydrochloric acid on the environment

K.L.B. BK III
P 238.
Longhorn Book III
PP 334-8

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Strength of acids. Acids in aqueous form.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define an acid in terms of hydrogen ions.

Explain strength of acids in aqueous form in terms of number of hydrogen ions present.

Class experiments: investigate reactions of magnesium and zinc carbonate with different acids.
Make and record observations in tabular form.
Make deductions from the observations.
Write relevant chemical equations and ionic equations.
Detailed discussion leading to the definition of an acid and explanation of strength of an acid.

Magnesium strip, zinc carbonate,
2M HCl,
2M H2SO4,
2M ethanoic acid.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 1-4            Longman  Explore Book 4  pg 4

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

pH values of acids. Electrical conductivities of aqueous acids.
Definition of a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine strength of acids using pH values.

Determine strengths of acids by comparing their electrical conductivities.

Classify acids as either strong or weak in terms of partial dissociations in aqueous solutions.

Q/A: review determination of strength of acids using a litmus paper and pH scale.
Class / group experiments: record colour of universal indicator in
2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid.
Set up voltameters of 2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid in turns.
Record amounts of current .
Discuss the observations.
Write corresponding ionic equations.

Teacher demonstration:
Dissolve calcium hydroxide in water.
Carry out litmus test on the resulting solution.
Discuss the results; hence define a base in terms of hydroxide ions.

Universal
indicator,
2M HCl,
2M ethanoic acid,
dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milli-ammeters,
wires, switches etc.

Red litmus paper, calcium hydroxide solid.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 4-6
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 6-7                           Longman Explore 5-8                                                

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Neutralization reaction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the results of reaction of an acid and a base.

Add 1M HCl to an aqueous solution of Calcium hydroxide drop wise until colour, change of the universal indicator is noted.
Write ionic equation for the reaction.

1M HCl,
Calcium hydroxide,
universal indicator.

K.L.B. BK IV
Page 7                  Longman Explore book 4 pg 6-7

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Strength of bases.
Dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water / methylbenzene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare strengths of bases using pH values and electrical conductivity.
Classify bases/ alkali as either strong or weak in terms of complete / partial ionization.
Define a polar and a non-polar solvent.

Carry out pH tests of 2M NaOH and 2M ammonia solution using universal indicator solutions; and observe colour changes.
Carry out electrical conductivity tests of voltameters of the above solutions.
Discussion: relate number of hydroxide ions to pH values and electrical conductivity of bases.
Teacher demonstration:
Dissolving HCl gas in different solvents.
Discuss the observations.
Write down related balanced chemical equations.

2M NaOH,
2M ammonia solution, universal indicator solutions, dry cells,
carbon electrodes,
milliammeters,
wires, switches etc
Ammonia gas,
Methylbenzene, hydrogen chloride gas.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 7-9            Longman Explore book 4 pg 6-7

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Dissolving ammonia gas in water/ methylbenzene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate effect of a polar / non-polar solvent on ammonia gas.

Carry out litmus tests on the resulting solution.
Make observations and deductions thereof.
Write down related balanced chemical equations.

Ammonia gas,
Methylbenzene.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 11-12        Longman Explore book4 pg 8-9   

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Amphoteric oxides.
Precipitation Reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define an amphoteric oxide.
Identify some amphoteric oxides.

Define a precipitate.
Write ionic equations showing formation of precipitates.

Class experiment:
Carry out acid / base reactions with metal oxides.
Q/A: make deductions from the results.
Writing and balancing relevant equations.


Q/A: review definition of a salt.
Class experiment;
Add sodium carbonate or a suitable carbonate to various salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.
Make observations and discuss the results.

2M Nitric acid
2M NaOH,
HNO3.
Amphoteric oxides.
Soluble carbonates e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3
Salt solutions containing Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, etc.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 12-14
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 14-16        Longman Explore book 4 pg 8-9 

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Solubility of chlorides sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find out cations that form (in)soluble chlorides, sulphates and sulphites.

Class experiments: measure 2cc of 0.1M solution containing Pb2+ into a test tube.
Add drops of 2M NaCl solution.
(Later 2M Sodium Sulphate and 2M Sodium Sulphate).
Warm the mixture and make observations.
Repeat the procedure using other salt solutions containing other ions.
Tabulate the results.

0.1M solution containing Pb2+, 2M NaCl solution, 2M sodium sulphate, source of heating.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 16-17        Longman Explore book 4 pg 8-10

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write down equations for formation of insoluble chlorides, sulphites and sulphates.

Q/A: review observations made in the above experiments.
Discuss the solubility of the cations.
Write relevant ionic equations.

Chart on the equations for insoluble salts

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 17-18        Longman Explore  book 4 pg 10-11

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Complex ions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of complex ions.

Add drops of 2M sodium hydroxide / 2M ammonia solution to a solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.

Make observations and discuss the results.

2M Sodium hydroxide (2M ammonia solution),
solution containing Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 18-20        Longman Explore book 4 pg 29

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Solubility of a salt at a given temperature.
Problems solving on solubility.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term solubility.
Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature.
Solve problems involving solubility of a solute in a solvent at a given temperature.

Q/A: review the terms saturated, unsaturated solutions & crystallization.
Class experiment: determine mass of a solute that dissolves in 100cc of water at room temperature.

Worked examples.
Supervised practice.
Written assignment.

Suitable solutes.
Evaporating dish, watch glass, heating source, thermometer.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 20-21
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 21-22

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Effect of temperature on solubility of a solute in a solvent.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of a solute in a solvent.

Experiments involving solubility of KClO3 at different temperatures.
Note temperatures at which crystallization occurs.
Oral questions and discussion.

KClO3 thermometers, source of heat.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 22-25        Longman Explore book 4 pg 29-30

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

Effects of various salts on soap.
Removal of hardness of water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the effects of various salts on soap.
Identify ions for hardness of water.
Identify methods of removing hardness of water.
State merits & demerits of hard water.

Group experiments: form soap lather in distilled water, tap water, rainwater, dilute solution of sodium chloride and solutions containing Ca2+ and Zn2+.
Note volume of soap that forms lather readily.
Review results of above experiments.
Probing questions & brief discussion.
Assignment.

distilled water, tap water, rainwater, dilute solution of sodium chloride and solutions containing Ca2+ and Zn2+.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 25-27                       Longman Explore  book 4 pg 32-32                                       

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:






To differentiate between endothermic & exothermic reactions.

Investigate temperature changes in solution formation.

Obtain changes in temperature when ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide are dissolved in water, one at a time.

Ammonium nitrate,
Sodium hydroxide, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 32-33        Longman Explore book 4 pg 54-55

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Energy level diagrams.
Enthalpy Notation. Change of state.
CAT

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term enthalpy.
Distinguish positive enthalpy change from negative enthalpy change.
Determine the M.P/ B.P of a pure substance.

Probing questions on relative energies of reactants and products in endothermic and exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Q/A and brief discussion.
Class experiments: determine B.P of pure water/ M.P of naphthalene / ice.
Use experimental results to plot temperature-time graphs.
Explain the shape of the graphs.
Q/A: review kinetic theory of matter.
Apply the theory to explain the shape of the graph, and nature of bonding in substances.

student book
Ice, naphthalene, thermometers, graph papers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 33-35
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 35-39  Longman Explore  book 4 pg 56-57

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine molar heat of solution of given substances.

Dissolve known masses of ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide in known volumes of water.
Determine temperature changes.
Calculate molar heat of solution. Supervised practice.

Ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 40-41   Longman Explore book 4 pg 67-71

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine molar heat of solution of given substances.

Dissolve known masses of ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide in known volumes of water.
Determine temperature changes.
Calculate molar heat of solution. Supervised practice.

Ammonia nitrate / sodium hydroxide, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 40-41   Longman Explore book 4 pg 67-71

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Dissolve some known volume of conc. H2SO4 in a given volume of water.
Note the change in temperature.
Work out the molar heat of solution of H2SO4.

Conc. H2SO4, thermometers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 42-45  Longman Explore book 4 pg 71-76

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Enthalpy of combustion. Enthalpy of combustion.
Molar heat of displacement of ions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term enthalpy of combustion.
Determine the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.
Explain why actual heats of combustion are usually lower than the theoretical values.

Define the term molar heat of solution of displacement of ions.
Determine the molar heat of solution of displacement of ions.

Group experiments / teacher demonstration.

Obtain and record results.


Work out calculations.
Group experiments/ teacher demonstration.
Note steady temperature of solutions formed when zinc/ iron / magnesium reacts with copper sulphate solution.
Work out the molar heat of displacement of a substance from a solution of its ions.

Ethanol, distilled water, thermometer, clear wick, tripod stand and wire gauze.
Zinc, iron, magnesium, copper sulphate solution.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 45-48
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 48-50        Longman Explore book 4 pg 73- 82 

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Molar heat of solution of neutralization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term neutralization.
Determine the molar heat of neutralization of HCl with NaOH.

Class experiments:
Neutralize 2M HCl of known volume with a determined volume of 1M / 2M sodium hydroxide.
Note highest temperature of the solution.
Work out the molar heat of neutralization.
Solve other related problems.
Assignment.

2M HCl of known volume, 1M / 2M sodium hydroxide.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 50-53        Longman Explore  Book 4 pg 82

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Standard enthalpy changes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term standard enthalpy change.
Denote standard enthalpy change with the correct notation.

Exposition & brief discussion.

chart on standard enthalpy changes.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 54-56        Longman Explore book 4 pg 83-86

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Hess?s Law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Hess?s law.

Solve problems related to Hess?s law.
Define the terms lattice energy and hydration energy.
Explain the relationship between heat of solution, hydration energy.
Solve related problems.

Detailed discussion & guided discovery of the law.
Illustrations of energy cycles and energy levels leading to Hess?s law.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice
Written assignment.

chart on hess law

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 56-57
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 60-64        Longman Explore book 4 pg 86-92

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROCESSES.

Hess?s Law.
Heat of solution hydration energy and lattice energy.
Heat values of fuels.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Hess?s law.

Solve problems related to Hess?s law.
Define the terms lattice energy and hydration energy.
Explain the relationship between heat of solution, hydration energy.
Solve related problems.

Detailed discussion & guided discovery of the law.
Illustrations of energy cycles and energy levels leading to Hess?s law.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice
Written assignment.

Exposition of new concepts.
Guided discovery of the relationship between heat solution hydration energy and lattice energy.
Worked examples.
Assignment.
Probing questions and brief discussion.

chart on hess law

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 56-57
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 60-64        Longman Explore book 4 pg 86-92