METALS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)
RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY

Ores of some metals.
Occurrence and extraction of sodium.
Occurrence and extraction of aluminium.
Occurrence and extraction of iron.
Occurrence and extraction of zinc.
Extraction of lead.
Occurrence and extraction of copper.
Physical properties of some metals.
Reaction of metals with oxygen.
Reaction of metals with cold water and steam.
Reaction of metals with chlorine.
Reaction of metals with acids.
Uses of metals.
Environmental effects of extraction of metals.
Physical properties of alkanols.
Chemical properties of alkanols.
Esters and esterification.
Oxidation of ethanol. Uses of alkanols.
Alkanoic (Carboxylic Acids).
Nomenclature of alkanoic acids.
Lab preparation of ethanoic acid.
Physical properties of alkanoic acids.
Chemical properties of alkanoic acids.
Chemical properties & Uses of alkanoic acids.
Soap preparation in the lab.
Cleaning action of soap.
Effects of hard / soft water on soap.
Soapless detergents.
Polymers and polymerization.
Definition of radioactivity.
Alpha particles.
Equations involving alpha particles.
Beta particles. Gamma rays.
Radioactive Half-Life.
Radioactive decay curve.
Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Applications of radioactivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name the chief ores of some metals.
Describe occurrence and extraction of sodium.
Describe occurrence and extraction of aluminium.
Describe occurrence and extraction of iron.
Describe occurrence and extraction of zinc by electrolysis and reduction methods.
Explain how lead is extracted.
Describe extraction of copper.
State general properties of metals.
Explain the difference in physical properties of metals.
Explain effect of burning metals in air.
Describe reaction of metals with cold water and steam.
Arrange the metals in order of reactivity with cold water and steam.
Describe the reaction of metals with chlorine.
Describe and explain reaction of metals with acids.
State uses of some metals and alloys.
Identify some environmental effects of extraction of metals.
Explain the physical properties of alkanols.
Describe some chemical reactions of alkanols.
Explain formation of esters.
Describe the esterification process.
Explain oxidation of ethanol by an oxidizing agent.
State uses of alkanols.
Explain the effects of alcohol on human health
Identify the functional group of alkanoic (carboxylic) acids.
Explain formation of alkanoic acid molecule.
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanoic acids.
Describe laboratory preparation of ethanoic acid.
Explain some physical properties of alkanoic acids.
Explain some chemical properties of alkanoic acids.
Write equations for chemical reactions involving acids.
State uses of alkanoic acids.
Describe soap preparation in the lab.
Describe the nature of a soap molecule.
Explain the mode of action in cleaning.
Explain the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.
Prepare soapless detergents in the lab.
State merits of soapless detergents over soaps.
Explain the concepts additional and condensation polymerization as methods of making synthetic polymers.
Identify some products of polymerization.
State merits and demerits of synthetic polymers over natural materials.
Define radioactivity, a nuclide and radioactive decay.
Differentiate between natural and artificial radioactivity.
State properties of alpha particles.
Describe methods of detecting alpha particles.
Write down and balance equations involving alpha particles.
State properties of beta particles.
Define isotopes and isobars.
Write down balanced equations involving both alpha and beta particles.
State properties of gamma rays.
Define the term radioactive half-life. Solve problems relating to half ?life
Plot a radioactive decay curve to deduce the
half ?life from the curve.
Differentiate between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
Describe applications of radioactivity.

Exposition and brief discussion.
Oral questions on electrolysis and equations at electrodes.
Brief discussion on occurrence and extraction.
Brief discussion.
Write relevant chemical equations.
Q/A & brief discussion.
Write balanced chemical equations leading to extraction of lead.
Write balanced chemical equations leading to extraction of copper.
Compare physical properties of some metals as summarized in a chart.
Q/A & discussion based on physical properties.
Teacher demonstration / Group experiments.
Burning some metals in air.
Write relevant equations.
Class experiments:
Investigate reaction of some metals with cold water and steam.
Analyse the results.
Teacher demonstration in a fume cupboard / in the open.
Investigate reaction of metals with chorine
Write corresponding equations.
Group experiments: investigate reaction of metals with dilute acids.
Teacher demonstration: investigate reaction of metals with concentrated acids.
Discuss the observations made and write relevant chemical equations.
Q/A & brief discussion;
Uses of Sodium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron and Copper & some alloys.
Oral questions and open discussion.
Assignment / Topic review.
Comparative evaluation of physical properties of alkanols.
Q/A & discussion on variation in physical properties of alkanols.
Group experiments/ teacher demonstration to investigate combustion of ethanol and its reaction with metals.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Teacher exposes and explains new concepts.
Assignment.
Q/A: review redox reactions, oxidizing and reducing agents.
Brief discussion: oxidation of ethanol using potassium (VII) manganate or potassium (VI) dichromate.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Open discussion.
Q/A: review functional group of alkanols.
Guided discovery of the naming system for alkanoic acids.
Teacher demonstration: prepare ethanoic acid in the lab.
Brief discussion on preparation of ethanoic acid.
Compare physical properties of some alkanoic acids.
Discuss the difference in physical properties among alkanoic acids.
Group experiment: investigate some chemical properties of ethanoic acid.
Carry out tests and record observations in a table.
Review and discuss the observations above.
Teacher elucidates uses of alkanoic acids.
Group experiments,
Answer questions based on the experiments already carried out.
Expository and descriptive approaches.
Answer oral questions.
Group experiments: form soap lather in different solutions.
Deduce the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.
Teacher demonsration.
Detailed discussion.
Assignment.
Q/A: Review the atomic structure.
Exposition: symbolic representation of an atom / nucleus.
Exposition: meaning of radioactivity and radioactive decay.
Discussion: artificial and natural radioactivity.

Q/A: position of helium in the periodic table.
Expository approach:
Q/A: Review atomic and mass numbers.
Examples of balanced equations.
Supervised practice.
Q/A: Review isotopes.
Expository approach: teacher briefly exposes new concepts.
Examples of equations.
Supervised practice.
Teacher demonstration: Dice experiment.
Exposition of the term half-life.
Worked examples.
Written exercise
Drawing a radioactive decay curve inferring the half-life of the sample from the graph.
Exposition of new concepts accompanied by nuclear equations.
Brief discussion: Carbon dating, detecting leakage, medication, agriculture, industry; effect of static charges, etc.

Chart: Down?s cell.
student book
Chart: Blast furnace.
Flow chart: extraction of Zinc.
Flow chart: extraction of lead.
Flow chart: extraction of copper.
Common lab. metals.
Metals: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu.
Metals: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu.
Metals: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu.
Acids; HCl, HNO3, H2SO4.
Chart: homologous series of alkanoic acids.
Concentrated H2SO4, potassium manganate
(VII) Crystals, water bath.
Ethanoic acid, universal indicator, sodium carbonate, magnesium strip, ethanol, conc. H2SO4 and sodium hydroxide.
Distilled water, tap water, rainwater, sodium chloride solution.
Calcium nitrate, Zinc Sulphate, etc.
Dice.
Graph papers.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 168-9