GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Respiratory surfaces in animals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a respiratory surface.
To state characteristics of respiratory surfaces.
To identify the environment or medium of operation of respiratory surfaces.

Teacher exposes meaning of a respiratory surface.
Discuss at length, giving examples of organisms that have a given respiratory surface.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 53

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in protozoa.
Gaseous exchange in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in an amoeba.
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in insects

Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss briefly gaseous exchange in and out of amoeba.

Drawing tracheal system of a grasshopper.
Discuss at length the structure of the tracheal system.
Detailed discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 53
K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 53, 54

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Breathing in insects.
Number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
Gaseous exchange in a bony fish.
Gaseous exchange in amphibians.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the breathing mechanism in an insect.
To give an account of the number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
To describe the structure of gills of a bony fish.
To explain how a gill is adapted to function as a respiratory surface.
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in gills.
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a frog.

Observe breathing movements of live specimens of grasshoppers, locusts or cockroaches.
Drawing the abdomen and showing the position and shape of spiracles, and giving reasons thereof.
Drawing and labeling a gill of a fish; stating the function of each part; and stating how it is adapted to its functions.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Various methods of gaseous exchange in a frog.
Discuss gaseous exchange through the mouth, lungs and skin of a frog.

Live specimens of insects,
Hand lenses,
Boiling tubes.
Live specimens of insects.

A gill of a fish.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 56

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in mammals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down parts of the tracheal system in man.
To describe the function of the parts of a system respiratory.

Discuss at length man?s respiratory system.

Wall chart- Respiratory system in man.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 59

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

The structure of the lungs.
Inhalation.
Exhalation.
Thoracic cavity model.
Gaseous exchange in an alveolus.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptations of the lungs to their functions.
To describe the process of inhalation in man.
To describe the process of exhalation in man.
To identify similarities between a model thoracic cavity and an actual thoracic cavity.
To describe gaseous exchange in an alveolus.
To explain regulation of breathing in man.

Drawing labeled diagrams coupled with explanations.
Showing movements of ribs during inhalation.
Explain the inhalation mechanism.
Showing movements of ribs during exhalation.
Explain the exhalation mechanism.
Teacher presents a model thoracic cavity.
Q/A: Comparing parts of the model cavity and the actual rib cage.
Discussion and explanations.

Wall charts- Structure of lungs.
Chart / model of a rib cage.
Thoracic cavity model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 60-1
K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 61-63

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Rate of breathing in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain briefly factors affecting the rate of inhalation / exhalation processes.

Discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 63

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Intercostal muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the function of intercostal muscles during the breathing system.

Detailed discussion.
Counting number of inhalations before and after an exercise blow.

Lime water, rib cage model.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 66

GASEOUS EXCHANGE
RESPIRATION

Inhaled and exhaled air.
Diseases of the respiratory system.
Introduction ? Definition and importance of respiration.
Burning food.
The mitochondrion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for CO2 in the air we inhale/ exhale.
To state the causes, symptoms and prevention of respiratory diseases.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able:
To define respiration.
To explain significance of respiration.
To describe an experiment investigating the gas given off when food is burnt.
To state functions of mitochondrion in respiration.

Observe colour changes of lime water, and make deductions.
Brief discussion.
Discuss cause, symptoms and prevention of whooping cough TB, bronchitis, etc.
Q/A: Definition
Brief discussion of significance of respiration.
Teacher demonstration: Burning a food sample.
Testing for the gas evolved during combustion.
Drawing structure of the mitochondrion.
Explain function of the mitochondrion.

Lime water.
Resource person.
text book
Wall charts- The mitochond-rion

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 67
K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 73-74

RESPIRATION

Aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain phases of aerobic respiration.
To state difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
To describe anaerobic respiration.

Detailed discussion.
Writing down equations of food breakdown.
Observe set up experiments.
Detailed discussion punctuated with probing questions:

text book
Glucose
Yeast
Thermometer

K.L.B. BK 2
PP.74-76

RESPIRATION

Oxygen ?debt?.
Applications of anaerobic respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the term ?oxygen debt?.
To explain the effect of ?oxygen debt? on the amount of energy released during respiration.
To explain applications of anaerobic respiration.

Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Products of fermentation process.
Listing down various applications of anaerobic respiration.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
P.78

RESPIRATION
EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Respiratory substrates & respiratory quotient.
Rate of respiration.
The mammalian skin.
The lungs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify respiratory substrates in the body.
To define respiratory quotient.
To calculate R.Q.
To state and explain factors affecting rate of respiration.
Draw and label the structure of the mammalian skin.
To describe functions of parts of the mammalian skin.
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.

Brief discussion/ explanations.
Exposition of definition and its significance.
Problem solving.
Detailed discussion and explanations.
Exposition and discussion.

text book
Permanent slides of mammalian skin.
Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 79
K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 86-87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The kidneys structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the external structure of kidney.
To describe the internal structure of the kidney.

Observe external features of a kidney.
Observe internal drawing and labeling of the kidney.

Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 89-90

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The nephron.
Urine formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the nephron.
To explain formation of urine.

Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.
Detailed discussion.

Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.
The Liver.
Deamination.
Other functions of the liver.
Liver disorders.
Homeostasis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the function of the loop of Henle; and how it?s adapted to its function.
To discuss the role of ADH in determination of concentration of urine.
To name kidney diseases and disorders and state methods of prevention and / treatment.
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.
To explain the function of the liver in deamination.
To state and explain other functions of the liver.
To name and discuss kidney disorders.
To identify methods of preventing and treating these disorders.
To define the concepts of internal environment and homeostasis.

Discussion and explanations.
Probing questions.
Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.
Discussion
Probing questions.
Discussion
Exposition and discussion.

Chart-
The nephron.
text book
Chart-Structure of the liver

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 91-92
K.L.B. BK 2 PP 95-96

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The feedback mechanism.
The hypothalamus.
The skin and thermoregulation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between positive and negative feedback and state their roles in maintaining the desirable point.
To explain the role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
To explain the function of the skin in thermoregulation.

Schematic representation of feedbacks.
Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Chart-
Schematic diagram of feedback mechanism
text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 97-98

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Blood vessels and their functions in thermo-regulation.
Homeostatic behavioral activities.
Osmoregulation.
Blood sugar.
Diabetes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the adaptation of blood vessels and their function in thermo-regulation.
To state and explain various homeostatic behavioral activities.
To describe water and salts balance in the body.
To discuss effects of insufficient/ excess sugar in the blood.
To explain regulation of blood sugar.
To distinguish diabetes mellitus from diabetes inspidus.
To identify simple symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus.

Exposition and discussion.
Drawing schematic diagrams.
Discussion on control of body temperature.
Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.
Topic review.

text book
text book,video

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 98-99