TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction. Transport in plants Transport in simple plants.
External structure of the root.
Internal structure of the root.
Structure and functions of the stem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define transport.
Explain importance of transport in plants and animals.
Describe transport in simple plants.
Relate the external structure of the root to its function.
State primary functions of roots.

Relate the internal structure of a root to its functions.
To describe structural organization of stems.
To state primary functions of the stem.

Q/A and discussion;
Discuss transport in simple animals and plants e.g. mosses.
Class experiment- to examine a piece of a taproot.
Drawing and labeling a diagram of the taproot.
Discussion of adaptation of the root hairs to their functions.
Q/A: Functions of roots.
Drawing and labeling diagrams of sections of roots and root hairs for monocotyledon and dicotyledonous roots.
Discuss functions of the labeled parts.
Observing permanent stem slides under a microscope.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Tap root, bean / pea seedlings.
Petri-dish
Razor blade.
Permanent slides of roots,
microscope, wallchart.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 1
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 2-4

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of the stem.
Absorption of water and mineral salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label internal stem structures.
To explain processes through which water and mineral salts move through plants.

Drawing and labeling transverse sections of stems.
Discussion and Explanations.

Wall charts - Internal structure of the stem.
Wall charts ?
Root hairs.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 5- 7

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance and types of Transpiration.
Factors affecting rate of transpiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of transpiration.
To state and explain types of transpiration.
To state and explain factors affecting transpiration.

Probing questions,
Discussion,
Explanations.
Q/A:
Discussion

Wall charts ?
Internal structure of a leaf.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 9-10, 12

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The Xylem tissue. Forces involved in transport of water and mineral salts.
Rates of transpiration on leaf surfaces.
Translocation of organic compounds.
Transport in Animals. Open and closed circulatory systems. Open circulatory system in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of xylem tissue.
To explain the forces involved in transport of water and mineral salts.
To describe simple experiments to show rates of transpiration on leaf surfaces.
To define translocation.
To describe the structure of phloem tissue.
To differentiate between open and closed circulatory systems.
To discuss open circulatory system in insects.

Q/A:
Discussion
Explanations
Drawing diagrams.
Discuss above observations.
Draw graphs to show rates of transpiration on leaf surfaces.
Answer questions.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis.
Discussion and explanations of structure of phloem tissue.
Drawing and labeling phloem tissue.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing and labeling diagrams.

Wall charts-The xylem tissue.
text book
Chart - phloem tissue.
Charts- Circulatory systems.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 10-12
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 17

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Single and double circulatory systems.
The mammalian heart ? external structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between single and double circulatory systems.
To describe the external structure of the heart.

Exposition and discussion.
Tracing the path followed by blood from a point and back to the same point.
Exposition; Identifying compartments of the heart.

Chart- Mammalian double circulation system.
Model of a heart.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 18-20

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of mammalian heart.
Pumping mechanism of the heart.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw compartments of the heart and label major parts.
To differentiate between systolic and diastolic heart movements.

Drawing and labeling a diagram of a mammalian heart.
Discussion and Explanations.
Experiment- To investigate pulse rate at the wrist.

Model of a heart, wallcharts.
Stopwatches.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 22 -23

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pulse rate.
Structure of arteries. Major arteries.
Veins.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the origin of pulse.
Explain effect of exercise on pulse rate.
To describe the structure of arteries.
To identify major arteries in the circulatory system.
To describe the structure of veins.
To explain the need for valves in veins.
To state differences between veins and arteries.

Record number of pulses before and after an exercise.
Brief discussion.
Discussion
Drawing and labeling internal structure of an artery.
Drawing and labeling diagram of an artery.
Discussion and explanations.

Stopwatches.
Chart- cross-section of an artery.
Chart-circulatory system.
Chart-
cross-sections of major blood vessels in the body.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 30 - 31
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 27-29

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Capillaries.
Diseases and defects of the circulatory system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of capillaries.
To explain the role of capillaries in transport
To discuss various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.

Discussion and explanations.
Discussion of various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.
Suggest methods of prevention and control.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 25-26

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Composition of blood. The plasma.
Red blood cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state the constituents of blood plasma.
To identify functions of plasma.
To state the functions of red blood cells.
To explain the functions of haemoglobin in r.b.c.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book
Wall charts.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 32 - 33

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

White blood cells.
Platelets.
Blood clotting.
Blood groups, Antigens and antibodies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of white blood cells.
To state functions of white blood cells.
To describe the structure of platelets.
To state functions of platelets.
To describe the blood clotting process.
To explain importance of blood clotting.
To identify the four blood groups.
To identify compatible blood groups.

Detailed discussion and explanations.
Exposition of new concepts.
Detailed discussion.
Completing a table of blood groups and the corresponding antigens and antibodies present.

text book
Blood smear, microscope.
Chart-
blood groups, antigens and antibodies.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 34 - 35
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 36

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Blood transfusion.
The Rhesus factor.
Lymph.
Immune responses.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define blood transfusion.
To identify compatible blood groups.
To identify the universal donor and universal recipient.
To describe the Rhesus factor and its significance.
To describe formation and functions of lymph.
To differentiate between natural and acquired immunity.
To explain the role of vaccines in immune responses.

Q/A: Identifying compatible blood groups.
Open discussion.
Completing a table of compatible blood groups.
Review blood groups, antigens and antibodies.
Exposition, discussion and explanations.
Detailed explanations and open discussion.
To explain the role of vaccination / immunization.
Open discussion on HIV / AIDS.

Blood transfusion resource person.
text book
Chart- the lymphatic system.
Chart- Diseases that children are immunized against;
Resource person.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 30 - 31

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Allergic reactions.
Organ transplant.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an allergic reaction.
To identify ways in which allergy presents itself.
To explain cause of allergic reactions.
To identify organs that are normally transplanted.

Q/A: Manifestations of allergy.
Exposition and brief explanations.
Q/A: Organs transplanted.
Superficial discussion.
Topic review.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 43

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Introduction. Gaseous exchange in plants.
Release of CO2 by plants.
Release of O2 by plants.
Stomata.
Opening & closing of stomata.
Stomata and habitats of plants.
Lenticels.
Respiratory surfaces in animals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain importance of gaseous exchange.
To describe gaseous exchange in plants.
To describe an experiment to show release of CO2 by plants.
To describe an experiment to show release of O2 by plants.
To describe the structure and explain the functions of stomata.
To describe and explain the mechanism of opening & closing of stomata.
To relate plant habitats and the no. of stomata.
To explain the variation between number of stomata on the upper and lower face.
To describe and explain the mechanism of lenticels.
To define a respiratory surface.
To state characteristics of respiratory surfaces.
To identify the environment or medium of operation of respiratory surfaces.

Discussion
Explanations
Q/A: Products of respiration.
Detailed discussion.
Class experiments including control experiments.
Explain the observations made.
Teacher demonstration: Test for the gas evolved.
Discuss observations.
Detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams.
Observe number of stomata of prepared slides of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
Discuss the observations.
Teacher exposes meaning of a respiratory surface.
Discuss at length, giving examples of organisms that have a given respiratory surface.

text book
Bicarbonate indicator, boiling tubes, Aluminum foil.
Gas jar,
Glass funnel,
Water plant,
Beaker.
text book
Prepared slides of hydrophytes and xerophytes.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 48
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 51

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in protozoa.
Gaseous exchange in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in an amoeba.
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in insects

Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss briefly gaseous exchange in and out of amoeba.
Drawing tracheal system of a grasshopper.
Discuss at length the structure of the tracheal system.
Detailed discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 53

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Breathing in insects.
Number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
Gaseous exchange in a bony fish.
Gaseous exchange in amphibians.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the breathing mechanism in an insect.
To give an account of the number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
To describe the structure of gills of a bony fish.
To explain how a gill is adapted to function as a respiratory surface.
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in gills.
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a frog.

Observe breathing movements of live specimens of grasshoppers, locusts or cockroaches.
Drawing the abdomen and showing the position and shape of spiracles, and giving reasons thereof.
Drawing and labeling a gill of a fish; stating the function of each part; and stating how it is adapted to its functions.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Various methods of gaseous exchange in a frog.
Discuss gaseous exchange through the mouth, lungs and skin of a frog.

Live specimens of insects,
Hand lenses,
Boiling tubes.
Live specimens of insects.

A gill of a fish.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 56

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in mammals.
The structure of the lungs.
Inhalation.
Exhalation.
Thoracic cavity model.
Gaseous exchange in an alveolus.
Rate of breathing in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down parts of the tracheal system in man.
To describe the function of the parts of a system respiratory.
To explain adaptations of the lungs to their functions.
To describe the process of inhalation in man.
To describe the process of exhalation in man.
To identify similarities between a model thoracic cavity and an actual thoracic cavity.
To describe gaseous exchange in an alveolus.
To explain regulation of breathing in man.
To state and explain briefly factors affecting the rate of inhalation / exhalation processes.

Discuss at length man?s respiratory system.
Drawing labeled diagrams coupled with explanations.
Showing movements of ribs during inhalation.
Explain the inhalation mechanism.
Showing movements of ribs during exhalation.
Explain the exhalation mechanism.
Teacher presents a model thoracic cavity.
Q/A: Comparing parts of the model cavity and the actual rib cage.
Discussion and explanations.

Wall chart- Respiratory system in man.
Wall charts- Structure of lungs.
Chart / model of a rib cage.
Thoracic cavity model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 59
K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 61-63

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Intercostal muscles.
Inhaled and exhaled air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the function of intercostal muscles during the breathing system.
To test for CO2 in the air we inhale/ exhale.

Detailed discussion.
Counting number of inhalations before and after an exercise blow.
Observe colour changes of lime water, and make deductions.
Brief discussion.

Lime water, rib cage model.
Lime water.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 66

GASEOUS EXCHANGE
RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION

Diseases of the respiratory system.
Introduction ? Definition and importance of respiration.
Burning food.
The mitochondrion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state the causes, symptoms and prevention of respiratory diseases.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able:
To define respiration.
To explain significance of respiration.
To describe an experiment investigating the gas given off when food is burnt.
To state functions of mitochondrion in respiration.

Discuss cause, symptoms and prevention of whooping cough TB, bronchitis, etc.
Q/A: Definition
Brief discussion of significance of respiration.
Teacher demonstration: Burning a food sample.
Testing for the gas evolved during combustion.
Drawing structure of the mitochondrion.
Explain function of the mitochondrion.

Resource person.
text book
Wall charts- The mitochond-rion

K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 67-70

RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration.
Oxygen ?debt?.
Applications of anaerobic respiration.
Respiratory substrates & respiratory quotient.
Rate of respiration.
Introduction- Definition and importance of homeostasis and excretion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain phases of aerobic respiration.
To state difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
To describe anaerobic respiration.
To explain the term ?oxygen debt?.
To explain the effect of ?oxygen debt? on the amount of energy released during respiration.
To explain applications of anaerobic respiration.
To identify respiratory substrates in the body.
To define respiratory quotient.
To calculate R.Q.
To state and explain factors affecting rate of respiration.
To define homeostasis and excretion.
To explain necessity of excretion in plants and animals.

Detailed discussion.
Writing down equations of food breakdown.
Observe set up experiments.
Detailed discussion punctuated with probing questions:
Probing questions.
Q/A: Products of fermentation process.
Listing down various applications of anaerobic respiration.
Brief discussion/ explanations.
Exposition of definition and its significance.
Problem solving.
Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Definitions of digestion, ingestion and egestion, secretion and excretion.
Discuss importance of excretion in plants and animals.

text book
Glucose
Yeast
Thermometer

K.L.B. BK 2
PP.74-76
K.L.B. BK 2
P. 79

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Excretion in plants.
Excretion and homeostasis in unicellular organisms.
Excretion and homeostasis in animals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To name plants excretory products.
To state uses of excretory products of plants.
Describe excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.
To identify excretory organs in various animals.

Probing questions.
Exposition of new terms.
Discuss uses and abuses of plant excretory products.
Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.
Exposition and discussion.
Observe drawings of various animals showing excretory organs.

Some plants excretory products.
text book
Specimens of platyhelmin-thes, annelida, insects.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The mammalian skin.
The lungs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label the structure of the mammalian skin.
To describe functions of parts of the mammalian skin.
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.

Exposition and discussion.

Permanent slides of mammalian skin.
Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 86-87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The kidneys structure.
The nephron.
Urine formation.
The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.
The Liver.
Deamination.
Other functions of the liver.
Liver disorders.
Homeostasis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the external structure of kidney.
To describe the internal structure of the kidney.
Describe features of the nephron.
To explain formation of urine.
To explain the function of the loop of Henle; and how it?s adapted to its function.
To discuss the role of ADH in determination of concentration of urine.
To name kidney diseases and disorders and state methods of prevention and / treatment.
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.
To explain the function of the liver in deamination.
To state and explain other functions of the liver.
To name and discuss kidney disorders.
To identify methods of preventing and treating these disorders.
To define the concepts of internal environment and homeostasis.

Observe external features of a kidney.
Observe internal drawing and labeling of the kidney.
Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.
Detailed discussion.
Discussion and explanations.
Probing questions.
Discussion and Explanations.
Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.
Probing questions.
Discussion
Exposition and discussion.

Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.
Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart
Chart-
The nephron.
text book
Chart-Structure of the liver

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 89-90
K.L.B. BK 2 PP 92

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The feedback mechanism.
The hypothalamus.
The skin and thermoregulation.
Blood vessels and their functions in thermo-regulation.
Homeostatic behavioral activities.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between positive and negative feedback and state their roles in maintaining the desirable point.
To explain the role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
To explain the function of the skin in thermoregulation.
To explain the adaptation of blood vessels and their function in thermo-regulation.
To state and explain various homeostatic behavioral activities.

Schematic representation of feedbacks.
Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Drawing schematic diagrams.
Discussion on control of body temperature.
Probing questions.

Chart-
Schematic diagram of feedback mechanism
text book
text book,video

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 97-98

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Osmoregulation.
Blood sugar.
Diabetes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe water and salts balance in the body.
To discuss effects of insufficient/ excess sugar in the blood.
To explain regulation of blood sugar.
To distinguish diabetes mellitus from diabetes inspidus.
To identify simple symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions.
Topic review.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 100-101