TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Structure of arteries. Major arteries.
Veins.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of arteries.
To identify major arteries in the circulatory system.
To describe the structure of veins.
To explain the need for valves in veins.
To state differences between veins and arteries.

Discussion
Drawing and labeling internal structure of an artery.
Drawing and labeling diagram of an artery.
Discussion and explanations.

Chart- cross-section of an artery.
Chart-circulatory system.
Chart-
cross-sections of major blood vessels in the body.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 25

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Capillaries.
Diseases and defects of the circulatory system.
Composition of blood. The plasma.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of capillaries.
To explain the role of capillaries in transport
To discuss various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.
To state the constituents of blood plasma.
To identify functions of plasma.

Discussion and explanations.
Discussion of various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.
Suggest methods of prevention and control.
Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 25-26
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 32 - 33

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Red blood cells.
White blood cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state the functions of red blood cells.
To explain the functions of haemoglobin in r.b.c.
To describe the structure of white blood cells.
To state functions of white blood cells.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

Wall charts.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 33 - 34

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Platelets.
Blood clotting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of platelets.
To state functions of platelets.
To describe the blood clotting process.
To explain importance of blood clotting.

Detailed discussion and explanations.
Exposition of new concepts.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Blood smear, microscope.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 35

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Blood groups, Antigens and antibodies.
Blood transfusion.
The Rhesus factor.
Lymph.
Immune responses.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the four blood groups.
To identify compatible blood groups.
To define blood transfusion.
To identify the universal donor and universal recipient.
To describe the Rhesus factor and its significance.
To describe formation and functions of lymph.
To differentiate between natural and acquired immunity.
To explain the role of vaccines in immune responses.

Completing a table of blood groups and the corresponding antigens and antibodies present.
Q/A: Identifying compatible blood groups.
Open discussion.
Completing a table of compatible blood groups.
Review blood groups, antigens and antibodies.
Exposition, discussion and explanations.
Detailed explanations and open discussion.
To explain the role of vaccination / immunization.
Open discussion on HIV / AIDS.

Chart-
blood groups, antigens and antibodies.
Blood transfusion resource person.
text book
Chart- the lymphatic system.
Chart- Diseases that children are immunized against;
Resource person.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 38

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Allergic reactions.
Organ transplant.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an allergic reaction.
To identify ways in which allergy presents itself.
To explain cause of allergic reactions.
To identify organs that are normally transplanted.

Q/A: Manifestations of allergy.
Exposition and brief explanations.
Q/A: Organs transplanted.
Superficial discussion.
Topic review.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 43

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Introduction. Gaseous exchange in plants.
Release of CO2 by plants.
Release of O2 by plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain importance of gaseous exchange.
To describe gaseous exchange in plants.
To describe an experiment to show release of CO2 by plants.
To describe an experiment to show release of O2 by plants.

Discussion
Explanations
Q/A: Products of respiration.
Detailed discussion.
Class experiments including control experiments.
Explain the observations made.
Teacher demonstration: Test for the gas evolved.
Discuss observations.

text book
Bicarbonate indicator, boiling tubes, Aluminum foil.
Gas jar,
Glass funnel,
Water plant,
Beaker.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 48

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Stomata.
Opening & closing of stomata.
Stomata and habitats of plants.
Lenticels.
Respiratory surfaces in animals.
Gaseous exchange in protozoa.
Gaseous exchange in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure and explain the functions of stomata.
To describe and explain the mechanism of opening & closing of stomata.
To relate plant habitats and the no. of stomata.
To explain the variation between number of stomata on the upper and lower face.
To describe and explain the mechanism of lenticels.
To define a respiratory surface.
To state characteristics of respiratory surfaces.
To identify the environment or medium of operation of respiratory surfaces.
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in an amoeba.
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in insects

Detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams.
Observe number of stomata of prepared slides of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
Discuss the observations.
Teacher exposes meaning of a respiratory surface.
Discuss at length, giving examples of organisms that have a given respiratory surface.
Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss briefly gaseous exchange in and out of amoeba.
Drawing tracheal system of a grasshopper.
Discuss at length the structure of the tracheal system.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Prepared slides of hydrophytes and xerophytes.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 51
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 53

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Breathing in insects.
Number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
Gaseous exchange in a bony fish.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the breathing mechanism in an insect.
To give an account of the number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
To describe the structure of gills of a bony fish.
To explain how a gill is adapted to function as a respiratory surface.
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in gills.

Observe breathing movements of live specimens of grasshoppers, locusts or cockroaches.
Drawing the abdomen and showing the position and shape of spiracles, and giving reasons thereof.
Drawing and labeling a gill of a fish; stating the function of each part; and stating how it is adapted to its functions.
Detailed discussion.

Live specimens of insects,
Hand lenses,
Boiling tubes.
Live specimens of insects.

A gill of a fish.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 56

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in amphibians.
Gaseous exchange in mammals.
The structure of the lungs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a frog.
To list down parts of the tracheal system in man.
To describe the function of the parts of a system respiratory.
To explain adaptations of the lungs to their functions.

Q/A: Various methods of gaseous exchange in a frog.
Discuss gaseous exchange through the mouth, lungs and skin of a frog.
Discuss at length man?s respiratory system.
Drawing labeled diagrams coupled with explanations.

text book
Wall chart- Respiratory system in man.
Wall charts- Structure of lungs.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 58

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Inhalation.
Exhalation.
Thoracic cavity model.
Gaseous exchange in an alveolus.
Rate of breathing in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of inhalation in man.
To describe the process of exhalation in man.
To identify similarities between a model thoracic cavity and an actual thoracic cavity.
To describe gaseous exchange in an alveolus.
To explain regulation of breathing in man.
To state and explain briefly factors affecting the rate of inhalation / exhalation processes.

Showing movements of ribs during inhalation.
Explain the inhalation mechanism.
Showing movements of ribs during exhalation.
Explain the exhalation mechanism.
Teacher presents a model thoracic cavity.
Q/A: Comparing parts of the model cavity and the actual rib cage.
Discussion and explanations.

Chart / model of a rib cage.
Thoracic cavity model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 61-62
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 64

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Intercostal muscles.
Inhaled and exhaled air.
Diseases of the respiratory system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the function of intercostal muscles during the breathing system.
To test for CO2 in the air we inhale/ exhale.
To state the causes, symptoms and prevention of respiratory diseases.

Detailed discussion.
Counting number of inhalations before and after an exercise blow.
Observe colour changes of lime water, and make deductions.
Brief discussion.
Discuss cause, symptoms and prevention of whooping cough TB, bronchitis, etc.

Lime water, rib cage model.
Lime water.
Resource person.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 66

RESPIRATION

Introduction ? Definition and importance of respiration.
Burning food.
The mitochondrion.
Aerobic respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able:
To define respiration.
To explain significance of respiration.
To describe an experiment investigating the gas given off when food is burnt.
To state functions of mitochondrion in respiration.
To explain phases of aerobic respiration.
To state difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Q/A: Definition
Brief discussion of significance of respiration.
Teacher demonstration: Burning a food sample.
Testing for the gas evolved during combustion.
Drawing structure of the mitochondrion.
Explain function of the mitochondrion.
Detailed discussion.
Writing down equations of food breakdown.

text book
Wall charts- The mitochond-rion

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 73-74

RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Anaerobic respiration.
Oxygen ?debt?.
Applications of anaerobic respiration.
Respiratory substrates & respiratory quotient.
Rate of respiration.
The mammalian skin.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe anaerobic respiration.
To explain the term ?oxygen debt?.
To explain the effect of ?oxygen debt? on the amount of energy released during respiration.
To explain applications of anaerobic respiration.
To identify respiratory substrates in the body.
To define respiratory quotient.
To calculate R.Q.
To state and explain factors affecting rate of respiration.
Draw and label the structure of the mammalian skin.
To describe functions of parts of the mammalian skin.

Observe set up experiments.
Detailed discussion punctuated with probing questions:
Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Products of fermentation process.
Listing down various applications of anaerobic respiration.
Brief discussion/ explanations.
Exposition of definition and its significance.
Problem solving.
Detailed discussion and explanations.

Glucose
Yeast
Thermometer
text book
text book
Permanent slides of mammalian skin.

K.L.B. BK 2
P.77
K.L.B. BK 2
P. 79

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The lungs.
The kidneys structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.
To describe the external structure of kidney.
To describe the internal structure of the kidney.

Exposition and discussion.
Observe external features of a kidney.
Observe internal drawing and labeling of the kidney.

Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.
Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The nephron.
Urine formation.
The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.
The Liver.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the nephron.
To explain formation of urine.
To explain the function of the loop of Henle; and how it?s adapted to its function.
To discuss the role of ADH in determination of concentration of urine.
To name kidney diseases and disorders and state methods of prevention and / treatment.
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.

Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.
Detailed discussion.
Discussion and explanations.
Probing questions.
Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.

Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart
Chart-
The nephron.
text book
Chart-Structure of the liver

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Deamination.
Other functions of the liver.
Liver disorders.
Homeostasis.
The feedback mechanism.
The hypothalamus.
The skin and thermoregulation.
Blood vessels and their functions in thermo-regulation.
Homeostatic behavioral activities.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the function of the liver in deamination.
To state and explain other functions of the liver.
To name and discuss kidney disorders.
To identify methods of preventing and treating these disorders.
To define the concepts of internal environment and homeostasis.
To differentiate between positive and negative feedback and state their roles in maintaining the desirable point.
To explain the role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
To explain the function of the skin in thermoregulation.
To explain the adaptation of blood vessels and their function in thermo-regulation.
To state and explain various homeostatic behavioral activities.

Probing questions.
Discussion
Exposition and discussion.
Schematic representation of feedbacks.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing schematic diagrams.
Discussion on control of body temperature.
Probing questions.

text book
Chart-
Schematic diagram of feedback mechanism
text book
text book,video

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 95
K.L.B. BK 2 PP 98

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Osmoregulation.
Blood sugar.
Diabetes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe water and salts balance in the body.
To discuss effects of insufficient/ excess sugar in the blood.
To explain regulation of blood sugar.
To distinguish diabetes mellitus from diabetes inspidus.
To identify simple symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions.
Topic review.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 100-101