INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Basic science concepts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Relate basic science concepts taught at primary level to Chemistry.

Brainstorming to review basic science concepts;
Probing questions;
Discussion.

TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 1-3

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Basic aspects of Chemistry.
Definition of Chemistry & Role of Chemistry in the society. Lab safety rules.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Basic aspects of Chemistry.

Questioning;
Discussion;
Exposition of new concepts.

Mixtures,
Conductors & non conductors,
Drugs.
List of lab safety rules.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 4-5

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Apparatus used in Chemistry.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify apparatus used in Chemistry.

Observing real apparatus;
Drawing apparatus.

Common lab apparatus.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 6-9

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Apparatus used in Chemistry. (contd)
Measuring volume.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify apparatus used in Chemistry.
Use some apparatus to measure volume.

Observing drawn apparatus;
Drawing apparatus.

Guided practical activities;
Filling in tables of values.

Common lab apparatus.
Specific apparatus for measuring volume.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 6-9

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Measuring mass.
Measuring time.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use some apparatus to measure mass.

Measuring mass in kg, grams and mg.

Electronic, beam, ripple pan balances.
Stop watches.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 6-9

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Measuring temperature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use some apparatus to measure temperature.

Measuring temperature with an ordinary thermometer;
Measuring temperature after given time intervals.

Thermometers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 6-9

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Parts of a Bunsen burner.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify parts of a Bunsen burner.
State functions of parts of a Bunsen burner.

Questioning on sources of heat;
Exposition of new concepts.

Bunsen burner.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 10--11

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Bunsen burner flames. - luminous flame.
Bunsen burner flames. - non-luminous flame.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State properties of a luminous flame.

Closing air hole of the burner;
Observing aluminous flame;
Drawing a luminous flame.

Bunsen burner.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 11-12

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Heating effects of Bunsen flames.
Heating effect of a non-luminous flame.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the heating effects of luminous and non-luminous flames.

Identify the hottest part of a non-luminous flame.

Heating water using luminous and non-luminous flames;
Burning wooden splints, paper over the flames;
Discussion.
Guided practical activities;
Discussion based on observations made.

Bunsen flames, wooden splints,
Wire gauze, beakers.
wooden splints,
non-luminous flame, manilla papers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 13-15
K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 14-15

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Solid-solid mixture.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Carry out simple experiments to separate a solid-solid mixture.

Class experiments;
Making solid-solid mixtures.
separating solid-solid mixtures.

Solid-solid mixture, e.g. Sodium chloride-iodine mixture.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 19-20

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Making solid-liquid mixtures.
Separating solid-liquid mixtures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Mix solids with known volume of liquids.

Class experiments;
Making solid-liquid mixtures.

Test tubes, sugar, salt, potassium nitrate, propanone, oxalic acids, etc.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 19-20

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Soluble solid-liquid mixture & insoluble solid-liquid mixture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out decantation and filtration.

Class experiments; separating solid-liquid mixtures.

Water-sand mixture, salt solution, filter papers, funnel, beakers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 22-24

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Crystallization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Obtain crystals from a solution.

Class experiments; growing crystals.
Brief discussion.

Waterbath, conc copper
(II) sulphate solution, evaporating dish.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 22-24

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Simple distillation.
Liquid-liquid mixture -immiscible liquids.
Fractional distillation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out simple distillation.
State applications of simple distillation.
Describe an experiment o separate miscible liquids.

Class experiments;
Obtaining a solvent from a solution.
Brief discussion.
Questioning;
Exposition.

Liebig sondenser, salt solution, round-bottomed flask, conical flask.
Water, ethanol, pipettes, droppers, separating funnel.
Water, ethanol, fractionating column, liebig condenser, round-bottomed flask, conical flask.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
P 18
K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP28-29

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Applications of fractional distillation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe applications of fractional distillation.

Questioning & discussion on extraction of;
-oils from nuts,
-dyes from plants,
-herbal medicine from plants.

Miscible liquids.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 30-32

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Separating coloured substances.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromatography as a method of separating coloured substances.

Obtain pigments from green leaves.
Guided activities.

Pestles, mortars.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 33-34

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Paper chromatography.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out paper chromatography.
Interpret paper chromatograms.

Paper chromatography tests.
Questioning on concentric and ascending chromatograms.

Pestles, motars,
Green leaves, propanone, filter paper.
Sample chromatograms.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 33-34

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Effects of heating pure naphthalene.
Melting point of pure naphthalene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record temperature of a substance at intervals of heating.

Standard experiments; recording temperature after equal time intervals.

Pure naphthalene, stop watches.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 35-36

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Heating and cooling curves of a pure substance.
Heating impure naphthalene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Sketch heating and cooling curves.
Interpret heating and cooling curves.
Explain effect of an impurity on temperature of a substance when heated steadily.

Q/A on states of matter;
Draw curves from given values;
Discussion.
Standard experiments; recording temperature after equal time intervals.

Graph papers.
Pure naphthalene, stop watches.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 36-37
K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 35-36

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Heating curve of impure naphthalene.
Heating pure water to boiling point.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Sketch a heating curve for impure naphthalene.

Draw curves from given values;
Discussion.

Pure naphthalene, camphor, stop watches.
Pure water, stop watches, graph papers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 40-41

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Heating salty water to boiling point.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the B.P. of salty water.

Standard experiments; recording temperature after equal time intervals.

Pure water, sodium chloride, stop watches.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 42-43

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Effect of an impurity on the boiling point of water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the effect of an impurity on the boiling point of water.

Sketch heating curve;
Discussion.

Graph papers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 41-42

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

The kinetic theory of matter.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain physical changes of state in terms of kinetic theory of matter.

Exposition of kinetic theory of matter.
Brief discussion.
Topic review questions.
Assignment.

Kinetic theory model.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 39-40

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Atomic and mass numbers.
First twenty elements of the periodic table.
Isotopes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Name the subatomic particles in an atom.
Define atomic number and mass number of an atom.
Represent atomic and mass numbers symbolically.

Define isotopes.
Give examples of isotopes.

Exposition on new concepts;
Probing questions;
Brief discussion.
Exposition of definition and examples of isotopes.
Giving examples of isotopes.

text book
Periodic table.
Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3
K.L.B.
BOOK II
P. 4





PP. 5-8

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent isotopes symbolically.
Define an energy level.
Describe electronic configuration in an atom.

Exposition ? teacher exposes new concepts about electronic configuration.
Written exercise.

Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II
P. 4





PP. 5-9

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration in diagrams.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent electronic configuration diagrammatically.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

text book

K.L.B.
BOOK II
PP. 5-8

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Periods of the periodic table.
Groups of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify elements of the same period.

Exposition ? Definition of a period.
Q/A: Examples of elements of the same period.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 9

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

R.M.M. and isotopes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate R.M.M. from isotopic composition.

Supervised practice involving calculation of RMM from isotopic composition.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 11-13

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions and ion formation.
Positive ions representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an ion and a cation.

To represent formation of positive ions symbolically.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery that metals need to lose one, two or three electrons to attain stability.
Examples of positive ions.


Diagrammatic representation of cations.

text book
Chart  ion model.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 14-15
K.L.B. BOOK IIP 16

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Negative ions and ion formation.
Valencies of metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an anion.
To describe formation of negative ions symbolically.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery of formation of negative ions.
Diagrammatic representation of anions.

Chart  ion model.
Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencie of non-metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall valencies of non-metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.

Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencies of radicals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a radical.
Recall the valencies of common radicals.

Exposition ? teacher defines a radical, gives examples of radicals and exposes their valencies.
Students draw a table of radicals and their valencies.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Oxidation number.
Electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define oxidation number.
Predict oxidation numbers from position of elements in the periodic table.

Q/A: Valencies.
Expose oxidation numbers of common ions.
Students complete a table of ions and their oxidation numbers.

The periodic table.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIvP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. - Elements of equal valencies.
Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of unequal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of equal valencies.
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of unequal valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as NaCl, MgO.
Discuss formation of compounds such as MgCl2
Al (NO3)3

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of variable valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of variable valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as
-Copper (I) Oxide.
-Copper (II) Oxide.
-Iron (II) Sulphate.
-Iron (III) Sulphate.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical equations.
Balanced chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify components of chemical equations.

Review word equations;
Exposition of new concepts with probing questions;
Brief discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 21-23

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Balanced chemical equations.(contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To balance chemical equations correctly.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 25-8

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Alkali metals. Atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:





Identify alkali metals.
State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals.

Q/A to reviews elements of group I and their electronic configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Discussion & making deductions from the table.

The periodic

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 28-29

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Ionisation energy of alkali metals.
Physical properties of alkali metals.
Chemical properties of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State changes in number of energy levels and ionisation energy of alkali metals.
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkali metals.

Examine a table of elements, number of energy levels and their ionization energy.
Discuss the trend deduced from the table.

Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Li, Na, and K.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion on physical properties of alkali metals.

text book
Chart ? comparative properties of Li, Na, K.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 30-31

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced equations for reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of sodium with chlorine in a fume chamber.
Q/A: Students to predict a similar reaction between potassium and chlorine.
Word and balanced chemical equations for various reactions.

Sodium, chlorine.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Compounds of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkali metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.

Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkali metals with anions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Uses of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of alkali metals.

Descriptive approach: Teacher elucidates uses of alkali metals.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Alkaline Earth metals Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.
Physical properties of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify alkaline earth metals.

State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.

Q/A: Elements of group I and their electron configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Make deductions from the table.

Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals. Reaction of alkaline earth metals with oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.
To describe reaction of alkaline earth metals with oxygen

Teacher demonstration: -
To show alkaline metals are good conductors of electric charge.
Q/A: Review reactions of Mg, Ca, with oxygen.
The corresponding word and then chemical equations are then written and their correctness verified by the teacher.

Alkaline earth metals.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 37
K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 38

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals. Reaction of alkaline earth metals with water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of alkaline earth metals with water.

Q/A: Review reaction of metals with water.
Writing down word and balanced chemical equations for the reactions.
Deduce and discuss the order of reactivity down the group.

Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 39

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of alkaline earth metals with chlorine gas.
Reaction of alkaline earth metals with dilute acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced equations for reaction of alkaline earth metals with chlorine gas.

Teacher demonstration- Reaction of sodium with chlorine in a fume chamber.
Q/A: Students to predict a similar reaction between potassium and chlorine.
Word and balanced chemical equations for various reactions.
Supervised practice.

Sodium, chlorine.
revision book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 41

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical formulae of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkaline earth metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkaline earth metals.

Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkaline earth metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkaline earth metals with anions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 45-47

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Uses of some alkaline earth metals and their compounds.
Halogens. Physical properties of halogens.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of alkaline earth metals.

Descriptive approach: Teacher elucidates uses of alkaline earth metals.

text book
Iodine crystals, electrical wire, a bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 45-47

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Comparative physical properties of halogens.
Chemical properties of halogens.
Equations of reaction of halogens with metals.
Reaction of halogens with water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain the trends in physical properties of halogens.
To write balanced chemical equations of reactions involving halogens.

Examine a comparative table of physical properties of halogens.
Discuss the deductions made from the table.

Re-write word equations as chemical equations then balance them.
Supervised practice.

text book
Chlorine, iron wool, bromine.
text book
Chlorine gas, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 47
K.L.B. BOOK II P. 50

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Some uses of halogens and their compounds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of halogens and their compounds.

Teacher elucidates uses of halogens and their compounds.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 52

CHEMICAL FAMILIES
STRUCTURE & BONDING
STRUCTURE & BONDING

Noble Gases. Comparative physical properties of noble gases.
Uses of noble gases.
Chemical bonds. Ionic bond.
Ionic bond representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe physical properties of noble gases.
To explain physical properties of noble gases.

Make A comparative analysis of tabulated physical properties of noble gases.

text book
Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.

  K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 52-53

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Grant ionic structures.
Physical properties of ionic compounds.
Covalent bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the crystalline ionic compound.
Give examples of ionic substances.

Discuss the group ionic structures of NaCl.
Teacher gives examples of other ionic substances: KNO3, potassium bromide, Ca (NO3)2, sodium iodide.

Giant sodium chloride model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP 56-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Co-ordinate bond.
Molecular structure.
Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

text book
Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING
PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Giant atomic structure in diamond.
Giant atomic structure in graphite.
Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.
Physical properties of elements in periods.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe giant atomic structure in diamond.
To state uses of diamond.




To compare electrical conductivity of elements in period 3

Diagrammatic representation of diamond.
Discuss uses of diamond.
Group experiments- Construct electrical circuits incorporating a magnesium ribbon, then aluminum foil, then sulphur in turns.
The brightness of the bulb is noted in each case.
Discuss the observations in terms of delocalised electrons.

Diagrams in textbooks.
text book
The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 69
K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 76

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Physical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in the third period.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare other physical properties of elements across period 3.

Analyse comparative physical properties presented in form of a table.
Explain the trend in the physical properties given.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 77

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE
SALTS

Oxides of period 3 elements.
Chlorides of period 3 elements.
Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify bonds across elements in period 3.
To explain chemical behavior of their oxide.

Comparative analysis, discussion and explanation.

The periodic table.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 84

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.
Solubility of bases in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.
Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.
Ionic equations.
Effects of heat on carbonates.
Effects of heat on nitrates.
Effects of heat on sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.
To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.


Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Iron,
Sulphur
PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.
Various carbonates.
Common metal nitrates.
Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109

SALTS
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.
Uses of salts.
Electrical conductivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

Various solids, bulb, battery, & wires.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon
Burning carbon and oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define allotropes and allotropy.
Identify allotropes of carbon.
Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.

Teacher exposes new terms.
Review covalent bond.
Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.

text book
Charcoal, graphite.
Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 131-133

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reduction properties of carbon.
Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.
Properties of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reduction properties of carbon.
Show reduction properties of carbon.

Teacher demonstration ? Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.
Observe colour changes and give underlying explanation

CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top
Conc. HNO3, limewater.
Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.
Uses of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced CO2.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Carbon monoxide lab preparation.
Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.
Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.

Teacher demonstration: preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab.
Make observations.
Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.

text book
text book
text book, chart

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 142-143
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.150-151

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss: - Importance of carbon in nature.
&
Effects of carbon on the environment.

Discuss the carbon cycle and processes that increase/ reduce amount of CO2 in the air.
Uses of CO2 in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.157-158