GAS LAWS

Boyle?s law.
Boyle?s law: - Equation and graphical representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Boyle?s law.
Explain Boyle?s law using kinetic theory of matter.
Represent Boyle?s law mathematically and graphically.

Teacher demonstration ? Use syringes / pumps to show variation of volume with pressure.
Teacher asks probing questions leading to statement of the law.
Discuss the cause of build-up-in pressure.
Q/A: relation between volume and pressure mathematically and graphically.
Derive the relation P1V1=P2V2, and sketch graphs to illustrate Boyle?s law.
Worked examples.
Assignment.

Chart
Volume-pressure relationship.
Syringes.
chart

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 1-2

Longhorn Book III
PP 1 -2

GAS LAWS

Boyle?s law: Numerical questions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve further problems involving Boyle?s law.

Supervised exercise: Volume in cm?, m?, litres, and pressure in Pa, mmHg, cmHg, atmospheres.
Assignment.

Calculators.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 4-5
Longhorn Book III PP 6-8

GAS LAWS

Boyle?s law: Interpretation of graphs.
Charles? law.
Temperature in Degree Celsius and Kelvin. Equation and graphs from Charles? law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plot and intepret graphs involving pressure and volume of gases.
State Charles? law.
Explain Charles? law using kinetic theory of matter.
Convert temperature in degree Celsius to Kelvin and vice-versa.

Completing tables and plotting graphs.
Interpret the plotted graphs.
Make deductions from the graphs.
Teacher demonstration:- To show expansion of air when heated and contraction when pressure is constant.
Explain increase in volume when temperature is raised.
Q/A: - relation between volume and temperature, leading to Charles? law.
Teacher explains inter-conversion of the units.
Students complete a table of temperature in the two units.

Graph papers.
Coloured water,
Glass tube,
Warm water,
Cork and
Flask.
student book

K.L.B.
BK III
PP. 4-5
K.L.B.
BK III P. 10

Longhorn Book III P 11

GAS LAWS

Charles? law- equation and graphical representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Express Charles? law with equations.

Give a graphical representation of Charles? law.

Derive equations from volume and temperature relationship.

Exposition: - Teacher exposes a volume-temperature graph and extrapolates it to obtain the absolute temperature. The definition of absolute temperature is exposed.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 6-7

Longhorn Book III P 10

GAS LAWS

Numerical questions on Charles? Law.
Combined Gas Law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve numerical problems based on Charles? Law.
Derive the Gas Law.
Derive the combined gas law equation.
Solve numerical problems using the equation.

Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.
Assignment.
Q/A: - Combining Boyle?s and Charles? Laws.

Calculators.

K.L.B.
BK III P. 12

Longhorn Book III PP 12-14

GAS LAWS

Standard conditions, S.T.P. conditions and R.T.P. conditions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State standard conditions of temperature and pressure of an ideal gas.
State room temperature and pressure of a gas.
Use standard conditions in problem solving.

Exposition of s.t.p. and r.t.p.


Problem solving.

student book

K.L.B.
BK III P. 14

GAS LAWS
GAS LAWS
THE MOLE

Diffusion.
Rates of diffusion.
Graham?s Law.
Mole, molar mass and R.A.M.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define diffusion.
Describe experiments to show diffusion.
Compare rates of diffusion of ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride in air.
Carry out numerical tasks.
Define the term mole as a quantity of measurement.
Relate the mole to R.A.M and molar mass.

Group experiments.
Diffusion of KMnO4 crystals, concentrated ammonia solution.
Teacher demonstration: - To deduce rate of diffusion of ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride.
Q/A: - Students calculate ratio of rates of diffusion of the gases.
Solve problems involving RMM, equal volumes of the gases involved.
Supervised practice.
Assignment.
Discuss various analogies that lead to the definition of the mole.
Expose the meaning of R.A.M., Avogadro?s constant and molar mass.

KMnO4 crystals,
Litmus papers.
student book
Calculators
Chart- table of molar masses of elements.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 14-15

Longhorn Book III P 19

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 24-26

Longhorn Book III PP 22-24

THE MOLE

Number of moles in a substance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate number of moles in a given mass of a substance.

Worked examples.
Supervised practice.

student book

K.L.B .BK III
P. 34
Longhorn
BK III
PP 39-40

THE MOLE

Relative molecular mass & Relative formula mass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define relative molecular mass.
Calculate RMM of a compound.

Q/A: - Review formulae of compounds.
Complete a table of compounds and their molecular / formula mass.

Calculators.

K.L.B.BK III
PP. 34-35

Longhorn Book III PP 44-60

THE MOLE

Moles and Avogadro?s number.
Empirical Formula.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate number of particles in a given number of moles.
Determine empirical formula of a compound given percentage composition by mass.

Review standard form of numbers.
Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.
Supervised practice.
Assignment.

Calculators.
student book

K.L.B.BK III
PP. 3132
Longhorn
Book III
PP 30-31

THE MOLE

Molecular formula.
Concentration of a solution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define molecular formula of a compound.
Find molecular formula given percentage composition of a compound by mass.

Define concentration of a solution.
Find concentration of a solution in grams/litre and moles/litre.

Worked examples.

Supervised practice.
Q/A: - Equivalent ratios, e.g. 4g dissolved in 500cm? and
8g in 1 litre.
Worked examples on concentration of solutions.

Calculators.
chart

K.L.B.BK III
P. 45

Longhorn
Book III
PP 73-75

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 46-48

Longhorn Book III PP 76-81

THE MOLE

Molarity of a solution.
Preparation of molar solutions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define molarity of a solution.
Find molarity of a solution in M/dm?
Define molar solutions.
Prepare molar solutions.

Teacher explains that molarity of a solution is given in moles of the solute per litre.
Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.
Q/A: - Description of preparation of molar solutions.

student book
Volumetric flasks, teat droppers/wash bottle.
Sodium hydrogen pellets.
Weighing balance.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 48-49

Longhorn
Book III
PP 76-81

THE MOLE

Calculators on molar solutions.
Dilution of solutions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve numerical calculations on molar solutions.
Problems on molar solutions.
Calculate molarity of a solution after dilution.

Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.
Assignment.
Group experiments.
Calculations.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P 51
Longhorn Book III PP 76-81

THE MOLE

Stoichiometry of a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometric equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine mole ratio of given reactions.
To define a stoichiometric equation.

Group experiments: - Determine masses, hence moles of reacting CuSO4 solution and iron metal.
To write stoichiometric equations of the above reactions.

CuSO4 solution and iron metal.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 56
Longhorn Book III PP 87-92

THE MOLE

Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and determine Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.

Class experiments.

Problem solving.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 62

THE MOLE
Volumetric Analysis.

Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.
Apparatus used in titration experiments.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and determine Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.
To use and read a pipette and a burette.

Class experiments.

Problem solving.
Discussion and practical use of the apparatus.
Emphasis is laid on need to sterilize the apparatus after use.

student book
Pipettes
Burettes.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 62
K.L.B. BK III
PP. 63-64
Longhorn
Book III
PP 104-8

Volumetric Analysis.

Titration process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define titration as a process.
Define a titration end-point.

Review by Q/A: -
-Indicators and colour changes.
-Choice of indicators.
-Balanced chemical equations.
Discuss characteristics of a good titre, when an an-end point is attained.

Indicators
Suitable acid and base.

K.L.B.
BK III
PP. 64-67

Longhorn
Book III
PP 108-114

Volumetric Analysis.

Titration experiment (Neutralization reaction)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out a titration experiment and obtain accurate results.

Class experiments: - To neutralize HCl with NaOH solution.
Fill in a table of results.
Find the average base used.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 66

Longhorn Book III PP 108-114

Volumetric Analysis.

Titration experiment (Neutralization reaction)
Basicity of an acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To carry out calculations from experimental results.
To define basicity of an acid.

Step-by-step calculations.
Complete a table of number of replaceable hydrogen ions of an acid; hence define basicity of an acid.
Write corresponding ionic equations.

Calculators.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
P 66
Longhorn Book III PP 108-114

Volumetric Analysis.

Standardization of HCl.
Concentration of HCl.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define standardization of HCl.
To calculate concentration of HCl from experimental results.

Class experiments.
Calculations & supervised practice.

Dilute HCl, Na2CO3 solutions.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 74-75

Volumetric Analysis.

Redox Titration Reactions.
Water of crystallization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To standardize a solution with an iron (II) salt.
To determine amount of water of crystallization in ammonium iron sulphate crystals.

Experiment and calculations.
Teacher exposes the formula of water of crystallization.
Class experiment.
Filling in a table of results.

Potassium Magnate
(VII)
Ammonium
Iron (II)
Sulphate crystals.
Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 74-75

Longhorn
Book III
PP 114-115

K.L.B. BK III
P. 76

Volumetric Analysis.

Formula mass of ammonium iron (II) sulphate.
Formula mass of a given salt.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To find formula mass of ammonium iron (II) sulphate.
To solve numerical problems involving water of crystallization.

Calculations from experimental results.
Problem solving from sample results.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 76 -77

Volumetric Analysis.

Atomicity of gases.
Mass and volume of gases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define atomicity of gases.
To determine mass and volume of gases.

Review by Q/A atoms and molecules; hence the definition.
Discuss a table of gases and their atomicity.
Teacher demonstration: - Determining mass of known volumes of oxygen / CO2.

student book
Lubricated syringes
Oxygen/
CO2.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 78 -80
Longhorn BK III PP 126-128

Volumetric Analysis.

Molar gas volume.
Combining volumes of gases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define molar gas volume.
To compare combining volumes of two reacting gases.

Use the above results to describe volume of one mole of a gas.
Discuss molar gas volume at R.T.P and S.T.P conditions.
Teacher demonstration: - Determining volumes of reacting gases; hence deduce volume rations.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
79 ? 80
Longhorn
Book III
PP 126-127

Volumetric Analysis.

Gay Lussac?s Law.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state Gay Lussac?s Law.
To compare Gay Lussac?s Law with Avogadro?s Law.
To solve numericals using Gay Lussac?s Law.

Teacher exposes the law; and compares it with Gay Lussac?s Law.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 85

Longhorn
Book III
PP 129-131

Volumetric Analysis.
NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Gay Lussac?s Law.
Isolation of nitrogen from air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state Gay Lussac?s Law.
To compare Gay Lussac?s Law with Avogadro?s Law.
To solve numericals using Gay Lussac?s Law.



Describe isolation of nitrogen from air.

Teacher exposes the law; and compares it with Gay Lussac?s Law.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice.



Teacher demonstration, explanations and equations.

student book
Aspirator, copper turnings, gas jar, combustion tube, trogh.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 85

Longhorn
Book III
PP 129-131

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 134-135

Longhorn Book
P 186

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Industrial production of nitrogen.
Lab. preparation of nitrogen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe industrial production of nitrogen.
Describe lab preparation of nitrogen.

Discussion and description.
Drawing schematic diagram for the process.
Teacher demonstration:
Students? record observations made from tests on the gas.
Writing equations of reactions.

charts
Ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate

K.L.B. BK III
PP.135-136

Longhorn Book
PP 188-9

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Physical and chemical properties of nitrogen. Uses of nitrogen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State physical and chemical properties of nitrogen.


List down uses of nitrogen.

Discussion and writing equations.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 138

Longhorn
Book III
PP 191-2

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Nitrogen (I) oxide. Lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe Nitrogen (I) oxide.

Teacher demonstration: -
Carry out tests on the gas.
Students record observations in a table.
Guided discussion.

Ammonium nitrate.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 139-141

Longhorn
Book III
PP 195-6

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Properties and uses of Nitrogen (I) oxide.
Nitrogen (II) oxide. Lab preparation.
Properties of the gas.
Nitrogen (1V) oxide Lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down physical properties of nitrogen (I) oxide.
To describe chemical properties of nitrogen (I) oxide.
To list down uses of nitrogen (I) oxide.
To describe lab preparation of nitrogen (II) oxide.
To list down physical properties of nitrogen (II) oxide
To describe chemical properties of nitrogen (11) oxide
To describe nitrogen (IV) oxide lab preparation.

Q/A: Deductions from tests carried out.
Discussion of chemical properties and writing of equations.
Teacher elucidates uses of nitrogen (1) oxide.
Class experiment: Preparation and carrying out tests on the gas.
Observations recorded in a table.
Q/A: Deductions from tests carried out.
Discussion of chemical properties and writing of equations.
Carry out a confirmatory test for the presence of the gas.
Teacher demonstration: - Preparation of the gas and corresponding equation.
Tests on the gas and make observations.

charts
Dil nitric acid, copper turnings.
charts
Conc. nitric acid, copper turnings.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 141
Longhorn
Book III
PP 191-2

K.L.B.
BK III
P. 143

Longhorn
Book III
PP 192-200

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Properties of Nitrogen (IV) oxide.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down physical properties of nitrogen (IV) oxide
To describe chemical properties of nitrogen (IV) oxide
To state uses of nitrogen (1V) oxide.

Deduce physical properties from the table of observations.
To describe chemical properties from the table of observations.
Discuss uses of nitrogen (1V) oxide.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 144-147

Longhorn
Book III
P 204

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Ammonia. Lab preparation of ammonia.
Properties of ammonia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lab preparation of ammonia
To list down physical properties of ammonia.

Q/A: Structure of ammonia.
Group experiments: Preparation of ammonia.
Tests on the gas.
Deduce physical properties from the observations above.
Discuss chemical properties from the observations above.
Write down chemical equations.

Ca(OH)2, NH4Cl Solutions, CaO, litmus papers..M THREE CHEMISTRY TERM TWO 20....
charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 147-148

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solubility of ammonia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe an experiment to determine solubility of ammonia.

Teacher demonstration.

Discussion.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 150

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of ammonia with metal ions.
Ionic equations of above reactions.
Burning ammonia in the air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To prepare aqueous solution of ammonia.


To carry out tests of aqueous ammonia on metal ions.
To write iIonic equations of above reactions.
To describe burning ammonia in the air.

Teacher demonstration: - Preparation of aqueous solution of ammonia.

Class experiments: -
Students record observations when drops of aqueous ammonia are added, then in excess.
Discuss precipitation of metal hydroxides by aqueous ammonia.
Confirmatory tests for various concentrations.
Teacher demonstration
Discussion
Chemical equations of reactions.

2 cm Solutions containing various metal ions.
charts
Conc. Ammonium solution
Hot platinum rod
Oxygen.

K.L.B.
BK III
PP. 152-153

K.L.B. BK III
P.154

Longhorn BK III
P 223

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of ammonia with copper (II) Oxide.
Haber process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To name products formed when ammonia reacts with hot CuCl2 solid.
To explain reducing properties of ammonia.
Identify raw materials for Haber process and how they are obtained in large scale.
Discuss the Haber process.
Represent Haber process in a schematic diagram.

Teacher demonstration and discussion.
Write down equations for the reactions.
Discussion and explanations.

Granular CuCl2
Combustion tube,
Dry ammonia
U-tube
Gas jar.
Chart- schematic diagram.

K.L.B.
BK III
P. 158

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of ammonia.
Nitric acid. Lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down uses of ammonia.
To list down nitrogenous fertilizers.
To describe lab preparation of nitric acid.

Teacher elucidates uses of ammonia and nitrogenous fertilizers.
Teacher demonstration.
Write equations of reaction.
Discussion.

charts
Retort stand
Conc. H2SO4
KNO3

K.L.B. BK III
P. 161

Longhorn
Book III
PP 126 -226

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Nitric acid Industrial manufacture.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe industrial manufacture of nitric acid.

Discussion and writing equations.

Chart
Schematic diagram.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 164

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of dilute Nitric acid with metals.
Nitric acid and carbonates.
Reaction of dil. nitric acid with hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of dilute nitric acid with metals.
To write equations of reactions of dilute nitric acid with metals.
To describe action of nitric acid on carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Write equations for reaction of dil. nitric acid with hydrogen carbonates.

Class experiment:- making observations and recording them in a table.
Discuss the observations.
Write down equations for the reactions.
Group experiments: - Action of Nitric acid on hydrogen carbonates.
Discussion and corresponding equations.

Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Solutions of
Na2CO3
NaHCO3
ZnCO3
CuCO3

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 165-166

Longhorn
Book III
PP 166-8

K.L.B. BK III
P. 167

Longhorn
Book III
229-30

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Dilute nitric acid and metal hydroxides and oxides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Predict results of reacting dilute nitric acid with metal hydroxides and oxides.

Group experiments & writing equations for the reactions.

Metal hydroxides.

K.L.B. BK III
P. 168

Longhorn
Book III
PP 238-240

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of nitric acid as an oxidizing agent.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reactions of nitric acid as an oxidizing agent.

Class experiments: -
Explain observations made.

Nitric acid acidified iron sulphate, sulphur, and copper metal.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 169-170

Longhorn Book III
PP 239 -240

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of nitric acid & nitrates.
Action of heat on nitrates.
Test for nitrates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of nitrates.
To describe preparation of nitrates.
To write equations of decomposition of nitrates on heating.
To carry out tests on nitrates.

Discussion
Equations for the reactions for preparation of nitrates.
Discuss above observations.
Write relevant equations.
Class experiments.
Make observations and deductions.
Discuss the brown ring test for nitrates.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 171

Longhorn Book III
PP 240
K.L.B. BK III
PP 173-174

Longhorn
Book III
PP 243

NITROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS.

Nitrogen compounds and the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the pollution of nitrogen compounds in the environment.
To state ways of reducing environmental pollution by nitrogen compounds.

Brief guided discussion.

charts

K.L.B.BK III
PP. 173-174

Longhorn
Book III
PP 244-6