ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.
Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.
Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To interpret food webs.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts
text book

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43
KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III.
P 79. CERTIFICATE PG100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104
KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 105

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.

s.

KLB BK III.
P 89.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

a flower.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.
Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.


Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125
KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.


To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.
To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151