Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Distinguishing between an element and a compound

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the terms element and compound
- Differentiate between elements and compounds using diagrams
- Relate elements and compounds to substances used at home such as table salt and water

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of elements and compounds
- Use digital or print media to search for information on differences between elements and compounds
- Study diagrams representing elements and compounds and identify which is which

What makes an element different from a compound?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 34
- Digital resources
- Charts showing elements and compounds

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Rules for assigning symbols to elements
Elements and Compounds - Uses of elements in jewellery and construction
Elements and Compounds - Uses of elements in industry and medicine
Elements and Compounds - Elements as food nutrients and mineral elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the rules for assigning symbols to elements
- Write symbols of elements derived from English names
- Recognise element symbols on food packaging and medicine labels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss rules for assigning symbols to elements
- Play a fun activity to understand how symbols are derived
- Use reference materials to search for information on symbols of elements

How are chemical symbols of elements derived?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 36
- Periodic table
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 39
- Pictures of jewellery items
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 40
- Samples of items containing elements
- Food packaging labels
- Fertiliser packaging

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Market value of common elements
Elements and Compounds - Reading packaging labels on commonly consumed products

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of market value of elements
- Compare market values of different elements
- Relate gold medal prizes in sports to the value of gold

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss why athletes are awarded gold, silver and bronze medals
- Compare prices of jewellery made of gold, silver and bronze
- Use reference materials to find information on market value of elements

Why are gold items more expensive than bronze items?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 41
- Pictures of medals
- Price lists of jewellery items
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 44
- Various product containers
- Food and medicine packaging

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Importance of packaging label information
Elements and Compounds - Structure of an atom

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of information on packaging labels
- Discuss consumer rights to information
- Make informed choices when purchasing household products

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the importance of information provided in packaging labels
- Discuss consumer rights to accurate product information
- Share findings about product ingredients with classmates

How does packaging information help consumers make safe choices?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 44
- Various product containers
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 47
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group presentations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Sub-atomic particles
Elements and Compounds - Electron arrangement of elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the sub-atomic particles in an atom
- State the location and charges of protons, neutrons and electrons
- Understand why atoms are electrically neutral like everyday objects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the composition of the nucleus (protons and neutrons)
- Discuss electrons and energy levels
- Study Table 1.16 showing sub-atomic particles, their symbols, charges and location

Why is an atom electrically neutral?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 48
- Charts showing atomic structure
- Models of atoms
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 49
- Charts showing electron arrangement
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Drawing electron arrangement diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw electron arrangement diagrams for elements 1-20
- Represent electron arrangement using numbers
- Visualise how different elements store electrons like filling seats in a stadium

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete Table 1.17 showing electron arrangement
- Draw electron arrangement diagrams for various elements
- Practice representing electron arrangement as numbers (e.g., 2.8.1)

How do you draw the electron arrangement of sodium?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 50
- Charts showing electron arrangement
- Drawing materials

- Diagrams - Written tests - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Atomic number and mass number of elements
Elements and Compounds - Illustrating atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define atomic number and mass number
- Calculate mass number from protons and neutrons
- Use atomic numbers to identify elements like a unique fingerprint

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Table 1.18 showing atomic number and mass number
- Discuss relationship between protons and atomic number
- Discuss relationship between sum of protons and neutrons to mass number

What is the difference between atomic number and mass number?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 53
- Periodic table
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 54
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Calculations - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Classifying elements as metals and non-metals
Physical and Chemical Changes - Properties of solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify elements into metals and non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Identify characteristics of metals and non-metals
- Recognise metals in coins and non-metals in air we breathe

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete Table 1.22 showing electron arrangement and classification
- Discuss that metals have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in outermost energy level
- Discuss that non-metals have 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 electrons in outermost level
- Discuss importance of different elements in day-to-day life

How can electron arrangement help us classify elements?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 56
- Periodic table
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 1
- Small stone, string, measuring cylinder
- Water

- Oral questions - Written tests - Classification exercises

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Density of solids
Physical and Chemical Changes - Density of irregularly shaped solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term density
- Calculate density of regularly shaped solids
- Relate density to why some objects float and others sink in water

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Weigh wooden blocks and measure their dimensions
- Calculate volume using length × width × height
- Calculate density using mass/volume formula

How do you determine the density of a solid?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 3
- Wooden blocks, ruler
- Weighing machine
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 4
- Eureka can, stone, string
- Measuring cylinder, weighing machine

- Calculations - Practical assessment - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Shape and flow of solids
Physical and Chemical Changes - Compressibility of solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain why solids have definite shape
- Demonstrate that solids do not flow
- Connect rigid shape of solids to structural materials like bricks and steel beams

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Transfer solids from one container to another and observe shape
- Place items at edge of table and observe ability to flow
- Discuss that particles in solids are in fixed positions

Why don't solids flow like liquids?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 5
- Book, stone, pen, pencil
- Carton boxes, buckets
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 6
- Syringe, sand
- Rubber cork

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Properties of liquids (density and volume)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that liquids have density
- Show that liquids have definite volume
- Connect liquid properties to measuring cooking ingredients

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Determine density of water using beaker and weighing machine
- Transfer water between different containers to show definite volume
- Discuss arrangement of particles in liquids

Do liquids have definite volume?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 8
- Beaker, measuring cylinder
- Volumetric flask, water

- Practical assessment - Calculations - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Shape, flow and compressibility of liquids
Physical and Chemical Changes - Properties of gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that liquids take the shape of their container
- Show that liquids can flow but are not easily compressible
- Relate liquid properties to pouring water into different shaped bottles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Transfer water between different shaped containers
- Use syringe to test compressibility of liquids
- Discuss that particles in liquids slide past one another

Why do liquids take the shape of their container?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 10
- Beaker, conical flask
- Syringe, water
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 12
- Balloons, gas jars
- Syringe, string

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Comparing properties of solids, liquids and gases
Physical and Chemical Changes - Demonstrating diffusion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare properties of solids, liquids and gases
- Complete a table summarising properties of matter
- Apply knowledge of states of matter to everyday phenomena like weather

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete Table 1.3 comparing properties of matter
- Use digital media to search for videos on properties of different states of matter
- Discuss the arrangement and movement of particles in each state

How do the properties of solids, liquids and gases compare?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 15
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 16
- Beaker, straw
- Potassium manganate (VII), water

- Written tests - Oral questions - Table completion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Distinguishing temporary and permanent changes
Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary changes in water and candle wax

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define temporary and permanent changes
- Distinguish between temporary and permanent changes using examples
- Identify temporary changes like melting ice and permanent changes like burning paper

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing changes in substances before and after
- Discuss characteristics of temporary changes (reversible, no new substance)
- Discuss characteristics of permanent changes (irreversible, new substance formed)

What is the difference between a temporary and a permanent change?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 18
- Pictures of changes in substances
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 20
- Conical flask, test tubes
- Water, candle wax, heat source

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary changes in zinc oxide and iodine
Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical changes in copper (II) sulphate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate temporary changes by heating zinc oxide and iodine
- Observe colour changes on heating and cooling
- Relate sublimation of iodine to how mothballs disappear

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Heat zinc oxide and observe colour change
- Heat iodine crystals and observe sublimation
- Discuss characteristics of temporary (physical) changes

What happens when zinc oxide and iodine are heated?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 20
- Test tubes, boiling tube
- Zinc oxide, iodine, heat source
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 22
- Boiling tubes, delivery tube
- Copper (II) sulphate, heat source

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical changes in cobalt (II) chloride

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate temporary chemical change using hydrated cobalt (II) chloride
- Observe colour change from pink to blue on heating
- Use cobalt chloride paper to test for moisture in weather forecasting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Heat cobalt (II) chloride crystals
- Observe colour change from pink to blue
- Add water to anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride and observe colour change back to pink

Why does cobalt (II) chloride change colour when heated?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 24
- Boiling tubes
- Cobalt (II) chloride, heat source

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent changes in potassium manganate (VII)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent changes in copper (II) nitrate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate permanent change by heating potassium manganate (VII)
- Test for oxygen gas produced using a glowing splint
- Relate thermal decomposition to industrial production of oxygen

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Heat potassium manganate (VII) in a boiling tube
- Insert glowing wooden splint to test for oxygen
- Write word equation for the reaction

What products are formed when potassium manganate (VII) is heated?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 26
- Boiling tube, test tube holder
- Potassium manganate (VII), wooden splints
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 27
- Boiling tubes, test tube holder
- Copper (II) nitrate, heat source

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Applications in making candles and ice
Physical and Chemical Changes - Applications in food preservation and ice cream making

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of change of state of matter
- Describe how candles and ice cubes are made
- Apply knowledge to recycling candle wax at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how solid wax changes to liquid and back to solid in candle making
- Discuss how water changes to ice in freezer
- Carry out further activity on making ice cubes

How is change of state of matter applied in making candles?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 28
- Used candles, sufuria
- Glass tumbler, wick
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 31
- Pictures of refrigerator, ice cream
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Other applications of change of state
Physical and Chemical Changes - Characteristics of particles in three states

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain use of mothballs and gel air fresheners
- Describe applications in drying clothes and melting snow on roads
- Connect sublimation to disappearance of mothballs in wardrobes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how mothballs change from solid to gas (sublimation)
- Discuss how gel air fresheners work
- Discuss how salt is used to melt snow on roads
- Design placard with information on change of state of matter

What other applications of change of state exist in daily life?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 31
- Mothballs, air freshener
- Manila paper, markers
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 1
- Ink, water, beaker
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Determining boiling and melting points
Classes of Fire - Fire triangle components

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the heating curve
- Explain effects of impurities on boiling and melting points
- Relate addition of salt to water when cooking to lowering boiling time

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to determine boiling and melting points of pure substances
- Draw the heating curve and discuss the trends
- Discuss that impurities raise boiling point and lower melting point

How do impurities affect boiling and melting points?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 1
- Thermometer, beaker
- Heat source, pure and impure substances
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 69
- Charts showing fire triangle
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Role of oxygen in combustion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of oxygen in combustion
- Demonstrate that fire needs oxygen to burn
- Apply knowledge to safety practices like not blocking ventilation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Invert gas jar over lit candle and observe
- Compare with open-ended glass jar
- Discuss that combustion cannot take place without oxygen

Why does a candle go out when covered with a jar?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 69
- Candles, gas jar
- Open-ended glass jar, lighter

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Role of oxygen in spread of fire
Classes of Fire - Class A fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how oxygen supports spread of fire
- Describe conditions necessary for fire to continue burning
- Apply understanding to forest fire prevention and management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of fire in the forest
- Discuss how fire spreads from one point to another
- Discuss the fire triangle and continuous combustion

How does oxygen contribute to the spread of fire?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 70
- Pictures of forest fire
- Charts showing fire spread
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 71
- Charts showing classes of fire
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Class B fires
Classes of Fire - Class C and D fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify Class B fires and their causes
- Describe flammable liquids and gases that cause Class B fires
- Exercise caution when handling petrol and cooking gas at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss Class B fires involving flammable liquids and gases
- Identify materials such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, alcohol, paint, methane and LPG
- Discuss places where Class B fires are likely to occur

What flammable materials cause Class B fires?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 73
- Charts showing classes of fire
- Pictures of flammable materials
- Pictures of electrical appliances

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Class K fires
Classes of Fire - Control measures for Class A fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify Class K fires and their causes
- Describe kitchen fire hazards involving cooking oil
- Practice safe cooking methods to prevent kitchen fires

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss Class K fires involving cooking fat, grease and cooking oil
- Read and discuss the scenario about Mary's cooking accident
- Discuss why water should not be used on Class K fires

Why are cooking oil fires dangerous?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 72
- Charts showing classes of fire
- Pictures of kitchen fires
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 73
- Fire blanket
- Water, fire bucket

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Control measures for Class B fires
Classes of Fire - Control measures for Class C and D fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe control measures for Class B fires
- Explain how foam and carbon dioxide extinguishers work
- Know which extinguisher to use at petrol stations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss use of foam and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
- Explain how foam smothers fire and cuts oxygen supply
- Discuss why water should never be used on Class B fires

Why shouldn't water be used on petrol fires?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 73
- Fire extinguisher (for demonstration)
- Charts showing fire control
- Fire bucket with sand

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Control measures for Class K fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe control measures for Class K fires
- Explain how wet chemical fire extinguisher works
- Apply safe practices when frying food at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss use of wet chemical fire extinguisher for Class K fires
- Explain why water makes cooking oil fires worse
- Discuss safe cooking practices to prevent kitchen fires

How do you safely put out a cooking oil fire?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 73
- Charts showing fire control
- Pictures of kitchen safety

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Breaking the fire triangle
Classes of Fire - Practicing fire control measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to break the fire triangle to control fire
- Describe methods of removing heat, oxygen or fuel
- Apply fire triangle knowledge to emergency situations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how to remove heat using water
- Discuss how to remove oxygen by smothering with sand or blanket
- Discuss how to remove fuel by creating fire breaks

How does breaking the fire triangle help control fire?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 71
- Charts showing fire triangle
- Sand, blanket, water
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 74
- Fire extinguisher, fire blanket
- Sand bucket, water

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Dangers of fires in nature
Classes of Fire - Rights to safety information on flammable substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe dangers of fires to life and property
- Explain environmental impact of fires
- Take precautions to prevent fire accidents at home and school

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss dangers of fires to human life and property
- Discuss environmental destruction caused by fires
- Discuss economic losses from fire accidents

What are the dangers of uncontrolled fires?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 71
- Pictures of fire damage
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 76
- Chemical containers with labels
- Pictures of warning signs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Creating awareness on flammable substances
Classes of Fire - Oxygen in respiration and medicine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create posters on fire safety
- Share fire safety information with others
- Promote fire safety awareness in the community

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the poster on flammable substances awareness
- Create posters with information on fire safety
- Display posters on school noticeboard

How can you create awareness about fire safety?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 77
- Manila paper, markers
- Coloured pencils
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 78
- Pictures of oxygen use
- Digital resources

- Project assessment - Oral questions - Poster evaluation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Oxygen in combustion and industry
Classes of Fire - Preparing oxygen using hydrogen peroxide
Classes of Fire - Physical and chemical properties of oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of oxygen in combustion
- Describe industrial uses of oxygen
- Relate oxygen to cooking and vehicle engines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss role of oxygen in burning fuels for cooking and engines
- Discuss use of oxygen in welding (oxy-acetylene flame)
- Discuss use of oxygen in steel making industry

How is oxygen used in industries?

- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 79
- Pictures of welding, engines
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 62
- Flat-bottomed flask, delivery tube
- Hydrogen peroxide, manganese (IV) oxide
- Spotlight Integrated Science Learner's Book pg. 65
- Gas jars of oxygen
- Wooden splints, elements (sodium, magnesium)

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation