SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Vertebral Column - Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae
Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb Bones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of lumbar vertebrae and their weight-bearing adaptations. Describe structure of sacral vertebrae and sacrum formation. Explain structure of caudal vertebrae. Compare all vertebrae types.

Examination of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae specimens. Drawing large centrum and processes of lumbar vertebrae. Study of sacrum formation and fusion. Discussion on weight support and regional specializations. Complete vertebral column analysis.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae specimens, complete vertebral column
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pectoral girdle and forelimb bone specimens, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 134-136

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimb Bones
Types of Joints and Their Structure
Ball and Socket vs Hinge Joints; Movement Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, pubis. Identify hindlimb bones: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges. Explain weight-bearing adaptations and joint formations.
Identify types of joints: immovable, gliding, and movable (synovial). Describe structure of synovial joints including cartilage, synovial fluid, and ligaments. Explain joint components and their functions.

Examination of pelvic girdle and hindlimb bones. Drawing hip bone structure and acetabulum. Study of hindlimb bone features and knee joint. Discussion on weight transmission and locomotion adaptations. Comparison of forelimb and hindlimb structures.
Examination of different joint types and synovial joint structure. Drawing synovial joint components. Discussion on cartilage function and synovial fluid properties. Analysis of joint mobility and stability. Practical observation of joint movements.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pelvic girdle and hindlimb bone specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens or models, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens, practical movement demonstrations, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 138-140
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 140-141

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Types of Muscle Tissue and Their Functions
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contraction Mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify three types of muscle tissue: skeletal (striated), smooth (visceral), and cardiac. Compare structure and functions of each muscle type. Explain voluntary vs involuntary muscle control. Describe muscle fiber characteristics.

Drawing structures of different muscle types on chalkboard. Detailed comparison of muscle fiber characteristics. Discussion on muscle control mechanisms and locations. Analysis of muscle contraction properties and endurance. Examples of each muscle type in body systems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, muscle tissue comparison charts
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, detailed muscle structure diagrams

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 142-144

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Specializations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure and functions of smooth muscle in various organs. Explain cardiac muscle specializations and continuous rhythmic contractions. Compare muscle types in terms of structure, control, and endurance.

Drawing smooth and cardiac muscle structures and locations. Discussion on involuntary muscle control mechanisms. Explanation of cardiac muscle intercalated discs and myogenic nature. Comprehensive comparison of all muscle types. Analysis of muscle adaptations to function.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, comprehensive muscle comparison tables

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 143-144