Matrices and Transformation

Matrices of Transformation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define transformation and identify types
-Recognize that matrices can represent transformations
-Apply 2×2 matrices to position vectors
-Relate matrix operations to geometric transformations

-Review transformation concepts from Form 2
-Demonstrate matrix multiplication using position vectors
-Plot objects and images on coordinate plane
-Practice identifying transformations from images

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 1-5

Matrices and Transformation

Identifying Common Transformation Matrices
Finding the Matrix of a Transformation
Using the Unit Square Method
Successive Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Identify matrices for reflection, rotation, enlargement
-Describe transformations represented by given matrices
-Apply identity matrix and understand its effect
-Distinguish between different types of transformations

-Use unit square drawn on paper to identify transformations
-Practice with specific matrices like (0 1; 1 0), (-1 0; 0 1)
-Draw objects and images under various transformations
-Q&A on transformation properties

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-String
-Chalk/markers
-Coloured pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 1-5

Matrices and Transformation

Matrix Multiplication for Combined Transformations
Single Matrix for Successive Transformations
Inverse of a Transformation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Multiply 2×2 matrices to find combined transformations
-Apply matrix multiplication rules correctly
-Verify combined transformations geometrically
-Solve problems involving multiple transformations

-Practice matrix multiplication systematically on chalkboard
-Verify results by applying to test objects
-Work through complex transformation sequences
-Check computations step by step

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 16-24

Matrices and Transformation

Properties of Inverse Transformations
Area Scale Factor and Determinant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate determinants of 2×2 matrices
-Use determinant formula for matrix inverses
-Identify when inverse matrices exist
-Apply inverse matrix formula efficiently

-Practice determinant calculations on chalkboard
-Use formula: A⁻¹ = (1/det A) × adj A
-Identify singular matrices (det = 0)
-Solve systems using inverse matrices

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Chalk/markers
det A

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 24-26

Matrices and Transformation

Shear Transformations
Stretch Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define shear transformation and its properties
-Identify invariant lines in shear transformations
-Construct matrices for shear transformations
-Apply shear transformations to geometric objects

-Demonstrate shear using cardboard models
-Identify x-axis and y-axis invariant shears
-Practice constructing shear matrices
-Apply shears to triangles and rectangles

Exercise books
-Cardboard pieces
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Rubber bands

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 28-34

Matrices and Transformation

Combined Shear and Stretch Problems
Isometric and Non-isometric Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply shear and stretch transformations in combination
-Solve complex transformation problems
-Identify transformation types from matrices
-Calculate areas under shear and stretch transformations

-Work through complex transformation sequences
-Practice identifying transformation types
-Calculate area changes under different transformations
-Solve real-world applications

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Chalk/markers
-Paper cutouts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 28-34

Statistics II

Introduction to Advanced Statistics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Review measures of central tendency from Form 2
-Identify limitations of simple mean calculations
-Understand need for advanced statistical methods
-Recognize patterns in large datasets

-Review mean, median, mode from previous work
-Discuss challenges with large numbers
-Examine real data from Kenya (population, rainfall)
-Q&A on statistical applications in daily life

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real data examples
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 39-42

Statistics II

Working Mean Concept
Mean Using Working Mean - Simple Data

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define working mean (assumed mean)
-Explain why working mean simplifies calculations
-Identify appropriate working mean values
-Apply working mean to reduce calculation errors

-Demonstrate calculation difficulties with large numbers
-Show how working mean simplifies arithmetic
-Practice selecting suitable working means
-Compare results with and without working mean

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Sample datasets
-Chalk/markers
-Student data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 39-42

Statistics II

Mean Using Working Mean - Frequency Tables
Mean for Grouped Data Using Working Mean

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate mean using working mean for frequency data
-Apply working mean to discrete frequency distributions
-Use the formula with frequencies correctly
-Solve real-world problems with frequency data

-Demonstrate with family size data from local community
-Practice calculating fx and fd systematically
-Work through examples step-by-step
-Students practice with their own collected data

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Community data
-Chalk/markers
-Real datasets

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 42-48

Statistics II

Advanced Working Mean Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply coding techniques with working mean
-Divide by class width to simplify further
-Use transformation methods efficiently
-Solve complex grouped data problems

-Demonstrate coding method on chalkboard
-Show how dividing by class width helps
-Practice reverse calculations to get original mean
-Work with economic data from Kenya

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Economic data
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 42-48

Statistics II

Introduction to Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles
Calculating Quartiles for Ungrouped Data

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define quartiles, deciles, and percentiles
-Understand how they divide data into parts
-Explain the relationship between these measures
-Identify their importance in data analysis

-Use physical demonstration with student heights
-Arrange 20 students by height to show quartiles
-Explain percentile ranks in exam results
-Discuss applications in grading systems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Student height data
-Measuring tape
-Test score data
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 49-52

Statistics II

Quartiles for Grouped Data
Deciles and Percentiles Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate quartiles using interpolation formula
-Identify quartile classes correctly
-Apply the formula: Q = L + [(n/4 - CF)/f] × h
-Solve problems with continuous grouped data

-Work through detailed examples on chalkboard
-Practice identifying quartile positions
-Use cumulative frequency systematically
-Apply to real examination grade data

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Grade data
-Chalk/markers
-Performance data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 49-52

Statistics II

Introduction to Cumulative Frequency
Drawing Cumulative Frequency Curves (Ogives)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Construct cumulative frequency tables
-Understand "less than" cumulative frequencies
-Plot cumulative frequency against class boundaries
-Identify the characteristic S-shape of ogives

-Create cumulative frequency table with class data
-Plot points on manila paper grid
-Join points to form smooth curve
-Discuss properties of ogive curves

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Class data
-Pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 52-60

Statistics II

Reading Values from Ogives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Read median from cumulative frequency curve
-Find quartiles using ogive
-Estimate any percentile from the curve
-Interpret readings in real-world context

-Demonstrate reading techniques on large ogive
-Practice finding median position (n/2)
-Read quartile positions systematically
-Students practice reading their own curves

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Completed ogives
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 52-60

Statistics II

Applications of Ogives
Introduction to Measures of Dispersion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Use ogives to solve real-world problems
-Find number of values above/below certain points
-Calculate percentage of data in given ranges
-Compare different datasets using ogives

-Solve problems about pass rates in examinations
-Find how many students scored above average
-Calculate percentages for different grade ranges
-Use agricultural production data for analysis

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real problem datasets
-Ruler
-Comparative datasets
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 52-60

Statistics II

Range and Interquartile Range
Mean Absolute Deviation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate range for different datasets
-Find interquartile range (Q3 - Q1)
-Calculate quartile deviation (semi-interquartile range)
-Compare advantages and limitations of each measure

-Calculate range for student heights in class
-Find IQR for the same data
-Discuss effect of outliers on range
-Compare IQR stability with range

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Student data
-Measuring tape
-Test score data
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 60-65

Statistics II

Introduction to Variance
Variance Using Alternative Formula

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define variance as mean of squared deviations
-Calculate variance using definition formula
-Understand why deviations are squared
-Compare variance with other dispersion measures

-Work through variance calculation step by step
-Explain squaring deviations eliminates negatives
-Calculate variance for simple datasets
-Compare with mean absolute deviation

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Simple datasets
-Chalk/markers
-Frequency data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 65-70

Statistics II

Standard Deviation Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate standard deviation as square root of variance
-Apply standard deviation to ungrouped data
-Use standard deviation to compare datasets
-Interpret standard deviation in practical contexts

-Calculate SD for student exam scores
-Compare SD values for different subjects
-Interpret what high/low SD means
-Use SD to identify consistent performance

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Exam score data
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 65-70

Statistics II

Standard Deviation for Grouped Data
Advanced Standard Deviation Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate standard deviation for frequency distributions
-Use working mean with grouped data for SD
-Apply coding techniques to simplify calculations
-Solve complex grouped data problems

-Work with agricultural yield data from local farms
-Use coding method to simplify calculations
-Calculate SD step by step for grouped data
-Compare variability in different crops

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Agricultural data
-Chalk/markers
-Transformation examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 65-70

Loci

Introduction to Loci
Basic Locus Concepts and Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define locus and understand its meaning
-Distinguish between locus of points, lines, and regions
-Identify real-world examples of loci
-Understand the concept of movement according to given laws

-Demonstrate door movement to show path traced by corner
-Use string and pencil to show circular locus
-Discuss examples: clock hands, pendulum swing
-Students trace paths of moving objects

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-String
-Chalk/markers
-Real objects

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 73-75

Loci

Perpendicular Bisector Locus
Properties and Applications of Perpendicular Bisector

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define perpendicular bisector locus
-Construct perpendicular bisector using compass and ruler
-Prove that points on perpendicular bisector are equidistant from endpoints
-Apply perpendicular bisector to solve problems

-Construct perpendicular bisector on manila paper
-Measure distances to verify equidistance property
-Use folding method to find perpendicular bisector
-Practice with different line segments

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Locus of Points at Fixed Distance from a Point

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define circle as locus of points at fixed distance from center
-Construct circles with given radius using compass
-Understand sphere as 3D locus from fixed point
-Solve problems involving circular loci

-Construct circles of different radii
-Demonstrate with string of fixed length
-Discuss radar coverage, radio signal range
-Students create circles with various measurements

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-String

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Locus of Points at Fixed Distance from a Line
Angle Bisector Locus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define locus of points at fixed distance from straight line
-Construct parallel lines at given distances
-Understand cylindrical surface in 3D
-Apply to practical problems like road margins

-Construct parallel lines using ruler and set square
-Mark points at equal distances from given line
-Discuss road design, river banks, field boundaries
-Practice with various distances and orientations

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Set square
-Compass
-Protractor

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Properties and Applications of Angle Bisector
Constant Angle Locus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand relationship between angle bisectors in triangles
-Apply angle bisector theorem
-Solve problems involving inscribed circles
-Use angle bisectors in geometric constructions

-Construct inscribed circle using angle bisectors
-Apply angle bisector theorem to solve problems
-Find external angle bisectors
-Solve practical surveying problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler
-Protractor

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Advanced Constant Angle Constructions
Introduction to Intersecting Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Construct constant angle loci for various angles
-Find centers of constant angle arcs
-Solve complex constant angle problems
-Apply to geometric theorem proving

-Find centers for 60°, 90°, 120° angle loci
-Construct major and minor arcs
-Solve problems involving multiple angle constraints
-Verify constructions using measurement

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Protractor
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Intersecting Circles and Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find intersections of circles with lines
-Determine intersections of two circles
-Solve problems with line and circle combinations
-Apply to geometric construction problems

-Construct intersecting circles and lines
-Find common tangents to circles
-Solve problems involving circle-line intersections
-Apply to wheel and track problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 83-89

Loci

Triangle Centers Using Intersecting Loci
Complex Intersecting Loci Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find circumcenter using perpendicular bisector intersections
-Locate incenter using angle bisector intersections
-Determine centroid and orthocenter
-Apply triangle centers to solve problems

-Construct all four triangle centers
-Compare properties of different triangle centers
-Use triangle centers in geometric proofs
-Solve problems involving triangle center properties

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler
-Real-world scenarios

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 83-89

Loci

Introduction to Loci of Inequalities
Distance Inequality Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand graphical representation of inequalities
-Identify regions satisfying inequality conditions
-Distinguish between boundary lines and regions
-Apply inequality loci to practical constraints

-Shade regions representing simple inequalities
-Use broken and solid lines appropriately
-Practice with distance inequalities
-Apply to real-world constraint problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Colored pencils
-Compass

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 89-92

Loci

Combined Inequality Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve problems with multiple inequality constraints
-Find intersection regions of inequality loci
-Apply to optimization and feasibility problems
-Use systematic shading techniques

-Find feasible regions for multiple constraints
-Solve planning problems with restrictions
-Apply to resource allocation scenarios
-Practice systematic region identification

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Colored pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 89-92

Loci

Advanced Inequality Applications
Introduction to Loci Involving Chords

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply inequality loci to linear programming introduction
-Solve real-world optimization problems
-Find maximum and minimum values in regions
-Use graphical methods for decision making

-Solve simple linear programming problems
-Find optimal points in feasible regions
-Apply to business and farming scenarios
-Practice identifying corner points

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Real problem data
-Compass

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 89-92

Loci

Chord-Based Constructions
Advanced Chord Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Construct circles through three points using chords
-Find loci of chord midpoints
-Solve problems with intersecting chords
-Apply chord properties to geometric constructions

-Construct circles using three non-collinear points
-Find locus of midpoints of parallel chords
-Solve chord intersection problems
-Practice with chord-tangent relationships

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 92-94

Loci
Trigonometry III

Integration of All Loci Types
Review of Basic Trigonometric Ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Combine different types of loci in single problems
-Solve comprehensive loci challenges
-Apply multiple loci concepts simultaneously
-Use loci in geometric investigations

-Solve multi-step loci problems
-Combine circle, line, and angle loci
-Apply to real-world complex scenarios
-Practice systematic problem-solving

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler
-Rulers
-Calculators (if available)

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 73-94

Trigonometry III

Deriving the Identity sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand the derivation of fundamental identity
-Apply Pythagoras theorem to unit circle
-Use the identity to solve trigonometric equations
-Convert between sin, cos using the identity

-Demonstrate using right-angled triangle with hypotenuse 1
-Show algebraic derivation step by step
-Practice substituting values to verify identity
-Solve equations using the fundamental identity

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Unit circle diagrams
-Calculators

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 99-103

Trigonometry III

Applications of sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
Additional Trigonometric Identities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve problems using the fundamental identity
-Find missing trigonometric ratios given one ratio
-Apply identity to simplify trigonometric expressions
-Use identity in geometric problem solving

-Work through examples finding cos when sin is given
-Practice simplifying complex trigonometric expressions
-Solve problems involving unknown angles
-Apply to real-world navigation problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Trigonometric tables
-Real-world examples
-Identity reference sheet
-Calculators

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 99-103

Trigonometry III

Introduction to Waves
Sine and Cosine Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define amplitude and period of waves
-Understand wave characteristics and properties
-Identify amplitude and period from graphs
-Connect waves to trigonometric functions

-Use physical demonstrations with string/rope
-Draw simple wave patterns on manila paper
-Measure amplitude and period from wave diagrams
-Discuss real-world wave examples (sound, light)

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-String/rope
-Wave diagrams
-Rulers
-Graph paper (if available)

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Transformations of Sine Waves
Period Changes in Trigonometric Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand effect of coefficient on amplitude
-Plot graphs of y = k sin x for different values of k
-Compare transformed waves with basic sine wave
-Apply amplitude changes to real situations

-Plot y = 2 sin x, y = 3 sin x on manila paper
-Compare amplitudes with y = sin x
-Demonstrate stretching effect of coefficient
-Apply to sound volume or signal strength examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Colored pencils
-Rulers
-Period calculation charts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Combined Amplitude and Period Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Plot graphs of y = a sin(bx) functions
-Identify both amplitude and period changes
-Solve problems with multiple transformations
-Apply to complex wave phenomena

-Plot y = 2 sin(3x), y = 3 sin(x/2) on manila paper
-Calculate both amplitude and period for each function
-Compare multiple transformed waves
-Apply to radio waves or tidal patterns

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Transformation examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Phase Angles and Wave Shifts
General Trigonometric Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of phase angle
-Plot graphs of y = sin(x + θ) functions
-Identify horizontal shifts in wave patterns
-Apply phase differences to wave analysis

-Plot y = sin(x + 45°), y = sin(x - 30°)
-Demonstrate horizontal shifting of waves
-Compare leading and lagging waves
-Apply to electrical circuits or sound waves

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Colored pencils
-Phase shift examples
-Rulers
-Complex function examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Cosine Wave Transformations
Introduction to Trigonometric Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply transformations to cosine functions
-Plot y = a cos(bx + c) functions
-Compare cosine and sine transformations
-Use cosine functions in modeling

-Plot various cosine transformations on manila paper
-Compare with equivalent sine transformations
-Practice identifying cosine wave parameters
-Model temperature variations using cosine

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Temperature data
-Unit circle diagrams
-Trigonometric tables

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Solving Basic Trigonometric Equations
Quadratic Trigonometric Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve equations of form sin x = k, cos x = k
-Find all solutions in specified ranges
-Use symmetry properties of trigonometric functions
-Apply inverse trigonometric functions

-Work through sin x = 0.6 step by step
-Find all solutions between 0° and 360°
-Use calculator to find inverse trigonometric values
-Practice with multiple basic equations

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculators
-Solution worksheets
-Factoring techniques
-Substitution examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 109-112

Trigonometry III

Equations Involving Multiple Angles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve equations like sin(2x) = 0.5
-Handle double and triple angle cases
-Find solutions for compound angle equations
-Apply to periodic motion problems

-Work through sin(2x) = 0.5 systematically
-Show relationship between 2x solutions and x solutions
-Practice with cos(3x) and tan(x/2) equations
-Apply to pendulum and rotation problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Multiple angle examples
-Real applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 109-112

Trigonometry III

Using Graphs to Solve Trigonometric Equations
Trigonometric Equations with Identities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve equations graphically using intersections
-Plot trigonometric functions on same axes
-Find intersection points as equation solutions
-Verify algebraic solutions graphically

-Plot y = sin x and y = 0.5 on same axes
-Identify intersection points as solutions
-Use graphical method for complex equations
-Compare graphical and algebraic solutions

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Graphing examples
-Identity reference sheets
-Complex examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 109-112

Three Dimensional Geometry

Introduction to 3D Concepts
Properties of Common Solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Distinguish between 1D, 2D, and 3D objects
-Identify vertices, edges, and faces of 3D solids
-Understand concepts of points, lines, and planes in space
-Recognize real-world 3D objects and their properties

-Use classroom objects to demonstrate dimensions
-Count vertices, edges, faces of cardboard models
-Identify 3D shapes in school environment
-Discuss difference between area and volume

Exercise books
-Cardboard boxes
-Manila paper
-Real 3D objects
-Cardboard
-Scissors
-Tape/glue

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 113-115

Three Dimensional Geometry

Understanding Planes in 3D Space
Lines in 3D Space

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define planes and their properties in 3D
-Identify parallel and intersecting planes
-Understand that planes extend infinitely
-Recognize planes formed by faces of solids

-Use books/boards to represent planes
-Demonstrate parallel planes using multiple books
-Show intersecting planes using book corners
-Identify planes in classroom architecture

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Books/boards
-Classroom examples
-Rulers/sticks
-3D models

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 113-115

Three Dimensional Geometry

Introduction to Projections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of projection in 3D geometry
-Find projections of points onto planes
-Identify foot of perpendicular from point to plane
-Apply projection concept to shadow problems

-Use light source to create shadows (projections)
-Drop perpendiculars from corners to floor
-Identify projections in architectural drawings
-Practice finding feet of perpendiculars

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Light source
-3D models

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-123

Three Dimensional Geometry

Angle Between Line and Plane - Concept
Calculating Angles Between Lines and Planes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define angle between line and plane
-Understand that angle is measured with projection
-Identify the projection of line on plane
-Recognize when line is perpendicular to plane

-Demonstrate using stick against book (plane)
-Show that angle is with projection, not plane itself
-Use protractor to measure angles with projections
-Identify perpendicular lines to planes

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Protractor
-Rulers/sticks
-Calculators
-3D problem diagrams

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-123

Three Dimensional Geometry

Advanced Line-Plane Angle Problems
Introduction to Plane-Plane Angles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complex angle problems systematically
-Apply coordinate geometry methods where helpful
-Use multiple right-angled triangles in solutions
-Verify answers using different approaches

-Practice with tent and roof angle problems
-Solve ladder against wall problems in 3D
-Work through architectural angle calculations
-Use real-world engineering applications

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real scenarios
-Problem sets
-Books
-Folded paper

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-123

Three Dimensional Geometry

Finding Angles Between Planes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Construct perpendiculars to find plane angles
-Apply trigonometry to calculate dihedral angles
-Use right-angled triangles in plane intersection
-Solve angle problems in prisms and pyramids

-Work through construction method step-by-step
-Practice finding intersection lines first
-Calculate angles in triangular prisms
-Apply to roof and building angle problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Protractor
-Building examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 123-128

Three Dimensional Geometry

Complex Plane-Plane Angle Problems
Practical Applications of Plane Angles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve advanced dihedral angle problems
-Apply to frustums and compound solids
-Use systematic approach for complex shapes
-Verify solutions using geometric properties

-Work with frustum of pyramid problems
-Solve wedge and compound shape angles
-Practice with architectural applications
-Use geometric reasoning to check answers

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Complex 3D models
-Architecture examples
-Real engineering data
-Construction examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 123-128

Three Dimensional Geometry

Understanding Skew Lines
Angle Between Skew Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define skew lines and their properties
-Distinguish skew lines from parallel/intersecting lines
-Identify skew lines in 3D models
-Understand that skew lines exist only in 3D

-Use classroom edges to show skew lines
-Demonstrate with two rulers in space
-Identify skew lines in building frameworks
-Practice recognition in various 3D shapes

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Building frameworks
-Translation examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 128-135

Three Dimensional Geometry

Advanced Skew Line Problems
Distance Calculations in 3D

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complex skew line angle calculations
-Apply to engineering and architectural problems
-Use systematic approach for difficult problems
-Combine with other 3D geometric concepts

-Work through power line and cable problems
-Solve bridge and tower construction angles
-Practice with space frame structures
-Apply to antenna and communication tower problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Engineering examples
-Structure diagrams
-Distance calculation charts
-3D coordinate examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 128-135

Three Dimensional Geometry

Volume and Surface Area Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Connect 3D geometry to volume calculations
-Apply angle calculations to surface area problems
-Use 3D relationships in optimization
-Solve practical volume and area problems

-Calculate slant heights using 3D angles
-Find surface areas of pyramids using angles
-Apply to packaging and container problems
-Use in architectural space planning

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Volume formulas
-Real containers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-135

Three Dimensional Geometry

Coordinate Geometry in 3D
Integration with Trigonometry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Extend coordinate geometry to three dimensions
-Plot points in 3D coordinate system
-Calculate distances and angles using coordinates
-Apply vector concepts to 3D problems

-Set up 3D coordinate system using room corners
-Plot simple points in 3D space
-Calculate distances using coordinate formula
-Introduce basic vector concepts

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-3D coordinate grid
-Room corner reference
-Trigonometric tables
-Astronomy examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-135

Longitudes and Latitudes

Introduction to Earth as a Sphere
Great and Small Circles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand Earth as a sphere for mathematical purposes
-Identify poles, equator, and axis of rotation
-Recognize Earth's dimensions and basic structure
-Connect Earth's rotation to day-night cycle

-Use globe or spherical ball to demonstrate Earth
-Identify North Pole, South Pole, and equator
-Discuss Earth's rotation and its effects
-Show axis of rotation through poles

Exercise books
-Globe/spherical ball
-Manila paper
-Chalk/markers
-Globe
-String

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Understanding Latitude
Properties of Latitude Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define latitude and its measurement
-Identify equator as 0° latitude reference
-Understand North and South latitude designations
-Recognize that latitude ranges from 0° to 90°

-Mark latitude lines on globe using tape
-Show equator as reference line (0°)
-Demonstrate measurement from equator to poles
-Practice identifying latitude positions

Exercise books
-Globe
-Tape/string
-Protractor
-Calculator
-Manila paper

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Understanding Longitude

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define longitude and its measurement
-Identify Greenwich Meridian as 0° longitude reference
-Understand East and West longitude designations
-Recognize that longitude ranges from 0° to 180°

-Mark longitude lines on globe using string
-Show Greenwich Meridian as reference line
-Demonstrate measurement East and West from Greenwich
-Practice identifying longitude positions

Exercise books
-Globe
-String
-World map

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Properties of Longitude Lines
Position of Places on Earth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that longitude lines are great circles
-Recognize that all longitude lines pass through poles
-Understand that longitude lines converge at poles
-Identify that opposite longitudes differ by 180°

-Show longitude lines converging at poles
-Demonstrate that longitude lines are great circles
-Find opposite longitude positions
-Compare longitude and latitude line properties

Exercise books
-Globe
-String
-Manila paper
-World map
-Kenya map

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Latitude and Longitude Differences
Introduction to Distance Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate latitude differences between two points
-Calculate longitude differences between two points
-Understand angular differences on same and opposite sides
-Apply difference calculations to navigation problems

-Calculate difference between Nairobi and Cairo
-Practice with points on same and opposite sides
-Work through systematic calculation methods
-Apply to real navigation scenarios

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-Navigation examples
-Globe
-Conversion charts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 139-143

Longitudes and Latitudes

Distance Along Great Circles
Distance Along Small Circles (Parallels)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate distances along meridians (longitude lines)
-Calculate distances along equator
-Apply formula: distance = angle × 60 nm
-Convert distances between nautical miles and kilometers

-Calculate distance from Nairobi to Cairo (same longitude)
-Find distance between two points on equator
-Practice conversion between units
-Apply to real geographical examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-Real examples
-African city examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 143-156

Longitudes and Latitudes

Shortest Distance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that shortest distance is along great circle
-Compare great circle and parallel distances
-Calculate shortest distances between any two points
-Apply to navigation and flight path problems

-Compare distances: parallel vs great circle routes
-Calculate shortest distance between London and New York
-Apply to aircraft flight planning
-Discuss practical navigation implications

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-Flight path examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 143-156

Longitudes and Latitudes

Advanced Distance Calculations
Introduction to Time and Longitude

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complex distance problems with multiple steps
-Calculate distances involving multiple coordinate differences
-Apply to surveying and mapping problems
-Use systematic approaches for difficult calculations

-Work through complex multi-step distance problems
-Apply to surveying land boundaries
-Calculate perimeters of geographical regions
-Practice with examination-style problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-Surveying examples
-Globe
-Light source
-Time zone examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 143-156

Longitudes and Latitudes

Local Time Calculations
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate local time differences between places
-Understand that places east are ahead in time
-Apply rule: 4 minutes per degree of longitude
-Solve time problems involving East-West positions

-Calculate time difference between Nairobi and London
-Practice with cities at various longitudes
-Apply East-ahead, West-behind rule consistently
-Work through systematic time calculation method

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-World time examples
-Calculator
-World map
-Time zone charts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 156-161

Longitudes and Latitudes

Complex Time Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve time problems involving date changes
-Handle calculations crossing International Date Line
-Apply to travel and communication scenarios
-Calculate arrival times for international flights

-Work through International Date Line problems
-Calculate flight arrival times across time zones
-Apply to international communication timing
-Practice with business meeting scheduling

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-International examples
-Travel scenarios

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 156-161

Longitudes and Latitudes
Matrices and Transformations
Matrices and Transformations
Matrices and Transformations

Speed Calculations
Transformation on a Cartesian plane
Basic Transformation Matrices
Identification of transformation matrix

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define knot as nautical mile per hour
-Calculate speeds in knots and km/h
-Apply speed calculations to navigation problems
-Solve problems involving time, distance, and speed

-Calculate ship speeds in knots
-Convert between knots and km/h
-Apply to aircraft and ship navigation
-Practice with maritime and aviation examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-Navigation examples
Square boards
-Peg boards
-Graph papers
-Mirrors
-Rulers
-Protractors
-Calculators
Graph papers
-Exercise books
-Matrix examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 156-161

Matrices and Transformations

Two Successive Transformations
Complex Successive Transformations
Single matrix of transformation for successive transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply two transformations in sequence
-Understand that order of transformations matters
-Find final image after two transformations
-Compare results of different orders

-Physical demonstration of successive transformations
-Step-by-step working showing AB ≠ BA
-Drawing intermediate and final images
-Practice with reflection followed by rotation
-Group work comparing different orders

Square boards
-Peg boards
-Graph papers
-Colored pencils
-Rulers
-Calculators
Calculators
-Matrix multiplication charts
-Exercise books

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 15-17

Matrices and Transformations

Matrix Multiplication Properties
Identity Matrix and Transformation
Inverse of a matrix

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that matrix multiplication is not commutative (AB ≠ BA)
-Apply associative property: (AB)C = A(BC)
-Calculate products of 2×2 matrices accurately
-Solve problems involving multiple matrix operations

-Detailed demonstration showing AB ≠ BA with examples
-Practice calculations with various matrix pairs
-Associativity verification with three matrices
-Problem-solving session with complex matrix products
-Individual practice from textbook exercises

Calculators
-Exercise books
-Matrix worksheets
-Formula sheets
-Graph papers
-Matrix examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 21-24

Matrices and Transformations

Determinant and Area Scale Factor
Area scale factor and determinant relationship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate determinant of 2×2 matrix
-Understand relationship between determinant and area scaling
-Apply formula: area scale factor =

det(matrix)

-Solve problems involving area changes under transformations
Calculators
-Graph papers
-Formula sheets
-Area calculation tools

-Determinant calculation practice
-Demonstration using shapes with known areas
-Establishing that area scale factor =

Matrices and Transformations

Shear Transformation
Stretch Transformation and Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define shear transformation and its properties
-Find matrices for shear parallel to x-axis and y-axis
-Calculate images under shear transformations
-Understand that shear preserves area but changes shape

-Physical demonstration using flexible materials
-Derivation of shear transformation matrices
-Drawing effects of shear on rectangles and parallelograms
-Verification that area is preserved under shear
-Practice exercises Ex 1.6

Square boards
-Flexible materials
-Graph papers
-Rulers
-Calculators
Graph papers
-Elastic materials
-Comparison charts
-Review materials

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 10-13, 28-34

Integration

Introduction to Reverse Differentiation
Basic Integration Rules - Power Functions
Integration of Polynomial Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define integration as reverse of differentiation
-Understand the concept of antiderivative
-Recognize the relationship between gradient functions and original functions
-Apply reverse thinking to simple differentiation examples

-Q/A review on differentiation formulas and rules
-Demonstration of reverse process using simple examples
-Working backwards from derivatives to find original functions
-Discussion on why multiple functions can have same derivative
-Introduction to integration symbol ∫

Graph papers
-Differentiation charts
-Exercise books
-Function examples
Calculators
-Graph papers
-Power rule charts
-Algebraic worksheets
-Polynomial examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 221-223

Integration

Finding Particular Solutions
Introduction to Definite Integrals
Evaluating Definite Integrals
Area Under Curves - Single Functions
Areas Below X-axis and Mixed Regions
Area Between Two Curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Use initial conditions to find specific values of constant c
-Solve problems involving boundary conditions
-Apply integration to find equations of curves
-Distinguish between general and particular solutions

-Working examples with given initial conditions
-Finding curve equations when gradient function and point are known
-Practice problems from various contexts
-Discussion on why particular solutions are important
-Problem-solving session with curve-finding exercises

Graph papers
-Calculators
-Curve examples
-Exercise books
-Geometric models
-Integration notation charts
Calculators
-Step-by-step worksheets
-Evaluation charts
-Curve sketching tools
-Colored pencils
-Area grids
-Colored materials
-Equation solving aids

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 223-225