LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Raising of the young stock - Colostrum
Methods of calf rearing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the importance of feeding calves on colostrum. Prepare artificial colostrum. State qualities of colostrum.

Q/A on colostrum qualities and importance. Practical demonstration of artificial colostrum preparation using fresh egg, warm water, cod liver oil, and castor oil. Discussion on feeding schedules and problem-solving feeding challenges.

Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets
Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Weaning of calves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe early and late weaning of calves. Calculate feed requirements using weaning guides.

Study of early and late weaning guides (Tables 2.1 & 2.2). Practical calculations using weaning tables. Problem-solving feed transition challenges and planning weaning schedules.

Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 24-26

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Calf housing and replacement stock
Routine management practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of calf pens. Outline requirements for calf pens. Describe management of replacement stock.

Exposition on calf pen types and requirements. Practical design exercises for housing layouts. Discussion on replacement stock feeding and management. Planning comprehensive housing and feeding programs.

Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets
Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 26-27

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Factors affecting milk composition
Milk secretion and let-down

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight factors affecting milk composition. Analyze breed differences in milk composition.

Brain storming on composition factors. Study of milk composition tables (Tables 2.3 & 2.4). Analysis of breed differences and problem-solving quality improvement strategies.

Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets
Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 28-30

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Clean milk production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of clean milk. Outline essentials of clean milk production.

Q/A on clean milk characteristics. Detailed exposition on production essentials: healthy herd, clean cows, clean milkman, clean facilities, clean utensils. Planning comprehensive quality programs.

Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 32-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking materials and equipment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List down necessary milking materials and equipment. State purposes of milking equipment. Demonstrate proper use and maintenance.

Brain storming on milking equipment and materials. Practical demonstration of equipment use, cleaning, and maintenance. Cost analysis of equipment investment.

Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 34-36

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking procedure and technique

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out milking using correct procedure and technique. Outline rules observed when milking.

Practical demonstration of proper hand milking technique. Discussion on milking rules and timing. Post-milking practices including weighing, recording, and cleaning.

Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 36-37

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of dry cow therapy. Name various milk products. Describe basic processing methods.

Explanations on dry cow therapy procedures and importance. Discussion on milk products and value addition. Economic analysis of processing vs fresh milk sales.

Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 37-38

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dairy enterprise planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plan complete dairy enterprise operations. Calculate costs and returns for dairy systems.

Integrated planning covering calf rearing, housing, feeding, health, and marketing. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Development of dairy business plans.

Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Record keeping and management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design record keeping systems for dairy operations. Analyze production records for decision making.

Discussion on record importance. Practical design of breeding, production, health, and financial records. Analysis of sample data for management decisions.

Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power
Wind power, water power and biomass

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe various sources of power that can be used on farms. State advantages and disadvantages of animal power. Explain the use of yokes for harnessing animals.

Q/A on farm power definition and sources. Discussion on human power limitations (0.07-0.1 kw capacity). Analysis of animal power advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of yoke construction and use for oxen and donkeys.

Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets
Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain solar energy uses and photovoltaic systems. Describe electrical power sources. Identify fossil fuels and their farm applications.

Exposition on solar energy uses (drying, heating, electricity). Discussion on photovoltaic systems and battery storage. Analysis of fossil fuels: petroleum, coal, natural gases. Cost comparison of different energy sources.

Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 43-47

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines
The four-stroke cycle engine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of tractor petrol and diesel engines. State structural and functional differences between petrol and diesel engines.

Drawing and labeling diagrams of petrol and diesel engines. Comparative analysis using comparison table. Problem-solving engine selection for different applications. Study of engine characteristics and applications.

Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials
Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 47-50

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

The two-stroke cycle engine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the two strokes in a cycle. State structural and functional differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines.

Exposition on two-stroke mechanism and port system. Practical comparison of applications. Cost-benefit analysis of both engine types. Problem-solving engine selection criteria.

Two-stroke engine diagrams, Port system models, Application comparison charts, Selection guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 53-56

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Fuel system - Petrol fuel system
Diesel fuel system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the petrol fuel system of a tractor. State maintenance practices of petrol fuel system.

Block diagram construction of petrol fuel system. Practical demonstration of carburettor function. Hands-on maintenance procedures. Problem-solving fuel system faults.

Petrol engine fuel system diagrams, Carburettor models, Fuel filters, Maintenance materials
Diesel engine fuel system diagrams, Injection pump models, Fuel filters, Maintenance tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 56-58

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Electrical system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name the components in the electrical system of a tractor. Outline methods of maintaining a tractor battery.

Exposition on electrical system components. Study of battery construction (6 cells × 2 volts). Practical battery maintenance procedures. Problem-solving electrical faults.

Electrical system charts, Battery models, Maintenance tools, Terminal cleaning materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 59-61

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Ignition system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name the components of tractor ignition system. Correct some common faults of ignition system. Discuss maintenance practices of ignition system.

Study of ignition components: coil, distributor, contact breaker, condenser. Analysis of common faults and solutions. Practical maintenance procedures. Problem-solving ignition problems.

Ignition system charts, Component models, Fault diagnosis guides, Maintenance materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 61-63

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Cooling system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Briefly describe air-cooled and water-cooled systems. Discuss proper maintenance of cooling system.

Comparison of air-cooled vs water-cooled systems. Study of water cooling components (radiator, water pump, thermostat). Practical maintenance procedures. Temperature regulation analysis (80°C-90°C).

Cooling system diagrams, Radiator models, Thermostat demonstration, Temperature monitoring tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 63-65

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Lubrication system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the lubrication system of an engine. Outline importance of maintaining the lubrication system.

Study of lubrication system types: splash feed, force feed, oil mist. Analysis of SAE oil classifications. Practical maintenance procedures. Problem-solving lubrication issues.

Lubrication system diagrams, Oil samples (SAE 10, 50, 90-150), Dipstick demonstration, Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 65-67

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Lubrication system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the lubrication system of an engine. Outline importance of maintaining the lubrication system.

Study of lubrication system types: splash feed, force feed, oil mist. Analysis of SAE oil classifications. Practical maintenance procedures. Problem-solving lubrication issues.

Lubrication system diagrams, Oil samples (SAE 10, 50, 90-150), Dipstick demonstration, Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 65-67

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Power transmission system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the function of power transmission system. State the function of clutch, gearbox and differential.

Study of transmission components: clutch, gearbox, differential, final drive. Practical demonstration of clutch operation (engaged/disengaged). Analysis of power flow from engine to wheels.

Power transmission diagrams, Clutch models, Gearbox demonstration, Differential components

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 67-69

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Power transmission mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain power transmission through propeller shaft, PTO shaft, hydraulic system and draw bar.

Study of power transmission methods. Practical demonstration of PTO shaft connections. Analysis of hydraulic system operation. Problem-solving power transmission issues.

PTO shaft models, Hydraulic system diagrams, Draw bar demonstration, Power transmission charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 69-70