Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Protons, electrons and neutrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term atom
- Describe the structure of an atom
- Show interest in learning about atoms

- Discuss the meaning of an atom and illustrate its structure
- Search the Internet or use reference books to get information about the atom
- Draw the structure of an atom

How is the structure of the atom important?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Protons, electrons and neutrons
Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the subatomic particles in an atom
- Explain the location and electrical charges of subatomic particles
- Show interest in the study of atoms

- Discuss the composition of an atom
- Locate the components within the atom
- Discuss the electrical charges of protons, electrons and neutrons

How small are atoms and are they divisible?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 2
- Periodic table

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number
Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement
Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the mass number of elements
- Work out the number of neutrons in various elements
- Appreciate the relationship between atomic number and mass number

- Work collaboratively to determine mass numbers
- Complete a table showing atomic numbers, number of neutrons and mass numbers
- Discuss the relationship between atomic number and mass number

How is the mass number of an element calculated?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 3
- Periodic table
- Internet access
- Reference books
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 5

- Observation - Oral questions - Written questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Energy level diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate electron arrangements using diagrams
- Draw dot or cross diagrams for elements
- Show interest in electron arrangement diagrams

- Search for information on how to illustrate electron arrangements
- Draw dot or cross diagrams for different elements
- Compare diagrams with peers

How can electron arrangements be illustrated using diagrams?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 7
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Manila paper and felt pens
- Charts
- Manila paper
- Colored pencils

- Observation - Peer assessment - Drawing skills assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals
Structure of the atom - Model the atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use electron arrangement to classify elements
- Identify metals and non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Appreciate the relationship between electron arrangement and element classification

- Search for information on metals and non-metals
- Classify the first 20 elements as metals or non-metals
- Complete a table showing classification of elements

How can electron arrangement be used to classify elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 8
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 9
- Locally available materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Model the atomic structure
Structure of the atom - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Model the atomic structure of selected elements
- Label different parts of the atomic models
- Show creativity in modeling atomic structures

- Construct models of atomic structures
- Label different parts of the models
- Present models to class for assessment

What materials can be used to create effective atomic models?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 9
- Locally available materials
- Glue, scissors, colored papers
- Markers and labels
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 10
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books

- Observation - Project assessment - Peer evaluation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify metals and non-metals in the environment
- List characteristics used to identify metals
- Show interest in identifying metals and non-metals

- Walk around the school compound to identify metallic and non-metallic substances
- Discuss reasons for identification
- Compare findings with other groups

How would you identify metallic and non-metallic substances in your environment?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 12
- Various metallic and non-metallic objects
- Writing materials
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing melting points
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 13
- Dry cells, connecting wires
- Metallic samples
- Bulbs and crocodile clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate thermal conductivity of metals
- Compare thermal conductivity of different metals
- Appreciate the importance of thermal conductivity

- Set up apparatus to test thermal conductivity
- Heat metal rods and observe effects
- Compare conductivity of different metals

What makes metals good thermal conductors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 14
- Metal rods
- Candles, matches
- Heat source
- Clamp and stand
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 15
- Iron nails, copper wire
- Zinc rod, hammer
- Iron block

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals
Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys
Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the ductility of metals
- Explain the process of drawing metals into wires
- Appreciate the application of ductility

- Search for information on copper wire production
- Discuss the meaning of drawing metal into wire
- Present findings to class

What makes metals ductile?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 16
- Internet access
- Print media
- Wire samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 18
- Reference books
- Alloy samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 19
- Padlocks, keys, door hinges
- Spoons, kitchen knives
- Water taps, rivets

- Observation - Oral questions - Presentations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Uses of metals and alloys
Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of common metals in daily life
- Relate the properties of metals to their uses
- Appreciate the importance of metals

- Search for information on uses of metals
- Compile findings in a table format
- Present findings to class

How are metals used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 21
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Metal samples
- Alloy samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Rusted metal samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the process of rusting
- Identify conditions necessary for rusting
- Show interest in investigating rusting

- Set up apparatus to investigate rusting
- Observe changes over days
- Record and discuss observations

What conditions are necessary for rusting to occur?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Test tubes, nails
- Water, oil, cotton wool
- Anhydrous calcium chloride
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 24
- Rusted metal samples
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting
Metals and Alloys - Review and assessment
Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Explain how each method works
- Show interest in rust prevention

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Demonstrate some prevention methods
- Present findings to class

How can rusting be prevented?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 25
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Materials for demonstrations
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 26
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Boiling tubes
- Colored solutions
- Test tubes rack
- Color chart

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Test for the odor of water
- Test for the taste of water
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Smell water samples using correct technique
- Taste water samples (safe samples only)
- Record observations

What makes water tasteless and odorless?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Water samples
- Beakers
- Test tubes
- Droppers
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 28
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source
- Tripod stand, clamp
- Distilled water

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare lathering abilities of different water samples
- Test water samples with soap
- Classify water as hard or soft

- Test lathering ability of water samples
- Observe formation of lather
- Group water samples based on lathering

How is the lathering ability of water related to hardness?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Water samples
- Liquid soap
- Test tubes with corks
- Droppers
- Internet access
- Reference books
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Hard water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline advantages of hard water
- Explain applications of hard water
- Appreciate the importance of hard water

- Research advantages of hard water
- Discuss health benefits and applications
- Present findings to class

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 31
- Scaled kettle elements

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe methods of softening hard water
- Explain principles behind different methods
- Show interest in water treatment

- Research methods of softening hard water
- Discuss various softening methods
- Present findings to class

What methods can be used to soften hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Soap solution
- Heat source
- Test tubes
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 33
- Sodium carbonate
- Filter paper and funnel

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by distillation
- Test the effectiveness of distillation
- Show interest in water treatment

- Set up distillation apparatus
- Distill hard water samples
- Test water before and after distillation

How effective is distillation in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 34
- Round-bottomed flask
- Liebig condenser
- Heat source
- Hard water samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 35
- Previous experimental results
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Living Things and Their Environment
Living Things and Their Environment

Water Hardness - Review and assessment
Nutrition in plants - Parts of a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about water hardness
- Attempt questions on water hardness
- Show confidence in understanding water hardness

- Review key concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

Why is understanding water hardness important in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 36
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 64)
- Hand lens
- Variety of fresh leaves
- Labelled charts of a leaf
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 65)
- Prepared slides of leaf sections
- Light microscope
- Charts of leaf TS

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Functions of leaf parts
Nutrition in plants - Adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the functions of different parts of a leaf
- Explain the role of each part in photosynthesis
- Appreciate the structure-function relationship in leaves

- Discuss the functions of different parts of a leaf and their roles in photosynthesis
- Use charts and digital media to reinforce understanding of leaf functions
- Share findings with peers

How are the different parts of a leaf adapted to their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 66)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing leaf structures
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 67)
- Wall charts on leaf adaptations

- Oral questions - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Structure and function of chloroplast
Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Light and dark reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of chloroplast
- Explain the functions of parts of the chloroplast
- Show interest in the chloroplast as site of photosynthesis

- Search for information on the structure of chloroplast using digital resources
- Draw and label a chloroplast showing its internal structure
- Discuss functions of chloroplast components

Why is the chloroplast important in photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 68)
- Digital resources
- Charts of chloroplast structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 69)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 70)
- Charts on photosynthesis stages

- Diagrams - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Products of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Gas produced during photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify products of photosynthesis
- Explain how products are formed and stored
- Appreciate the value of photosynthetic products

- Discuss the products of photosynthesis using reference materials
- Explain how each organic food substance is produced and stored
- Make notes on findings

What are the products of photosynthesis and how are they important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 71)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 72)
- Water plants (Elodea)
- Test tubes, beakers
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate

- Written test - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch in a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating light in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the test for starch in a leaf
- Perform the starch test on a leaf
- Show interest in experimental procedures

- Take a green leaf exposed to light for 5 hours
- Follow the procedure for testing starch in a leaf
- Observe and record results

How can we test for the presence of starch in a leaf?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 73)
- Fresh leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit, hot water
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 74)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 75)
- Potted plant
- Light-proof material

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating chlorophyll in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis
- Explain the role of carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis
- Demonstrate scientific skills in experimental design

- Set up apparatus with leaf in a flask containing sodium hydroxide
- Test the leaf for starch after exposure to light
- Compare with control leaf outside the flask

Why is carbon(IV) oxide necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 76)
- Potted plant
- Conical flask, cork
- Sodium hydroxide pellets
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 77)
- Plant with variegated leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating water in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis
Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the necessity of water in photosynthesis
- Explain how water shortage affects plant growth
- Design a project to compare plants under different water conditions

- Study photographs of plants exposed to different moisture conditions
- Discuss characteristics of each group of plants
- Design a simple investigation on water requirements

How does water availability affect photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 78)
- Photographs of plants under different water conditions
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 79)
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Charts on animal nutrition

- Project design - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals
Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dentition
- Differentiate between homodont and heterodont dentition
- Show interest in animal dentition

- Observe specimens or models of different types of teeth
- Identify homodont and heterodont dentition
- Draw and label diagrams of different teeth types

What is dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth

- Drawings - Written questions - Oral assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth
Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition
Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe functions of different types of teeth
- Relate teeth structure to their functions
- Show interest in adaptations of teeth

- Discuss functions of teeth using specimens or models
- Identify adaptations of teeth to their functions
- Share findings with peers

How do the different types of teeth function during feeding?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans
Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of the human digestive system
- Draw and label the digestive system
- Appreciate the organization of the digestive system

- Study charts on human digestive system
- Identify parts of the digestive system
- Draw and label the system

What are the main parts of the human digestive system?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Charts of digestive process

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation
Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of absorption in the ileum
- Explain the process of assimilation of nutrients
- Appreciate the efficiency of the digestive system

- Discuss adaptations of the ileum to absorption
- Draw and label the structure of a villus
- Discuss fate of absorbed food substances

How are digested food substances absorbed and utilized?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Charts on pollination

- Written assessment - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination
Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of insect-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Show interest in flower adaptations

- Examine an insect-pollinated flower
- Record color, scent, size of flower
- Discuss adaptations to insect pollination

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Camera/smartphone

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants
Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe structures containing male and female gametes
- Explain the process of fertilization in flowering plants
- Appreciate sexual reproduction in plants

- Search for information on fertilization in plants
- Study diagrams of pollen grains and embryo sacs
- Discuss pollen tube growth and fertilization

How does fertilization occur in flowering plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Charts on double fertilization

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Drawings

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation
Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits
Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of fruit formation
- Explain development of ovary into fruit
- Show interest in post-fertilization changes

- Search for information on fruit formation
- Discuss events in fruit development
- Draw labeled diagrams of fruits

How does a fruit develop after fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Digital resources
- Various fruits
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents
Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by animals
- Explain adaptations for animal dispersal
- Show interest in plant-animal interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for animal dispersal
- Identify hooks, edible parts, and other adaptations
- Discuss the role of animals in seed dispersal

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism
Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by wind
- Explain adaptations for wind dispersal
- Show interest in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits adapted for wind dispersal
- Identify wings, hair, feathery structures
- Discuss censor mechanism and other adaptations

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by wind?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Reference books

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals
Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Discuss impact on plant reproduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on agrochemicals
- Discuss categories of agrochemicals
- Analyze effects on pollinators and plant reproduction

How do agrochemicals affect pollination and reproduction in plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Charts on agrochemicals
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Components of the environment
The interdependence of life - Competition
The interdependence of life - Predation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ecosystem, ecology and environment
- Identify biotic and abiotic components
- Show interest in interactions in ecosystems

- Study diagrams of ecosystems
- Identify living and non-living components
- Discuss relationships between organisms

What is an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Digital resources
- Charts of ecosystems
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Videos on predation

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Parasitism
The interdependence of life - Symbiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define parasitism, parasite and host
- Explain effects of parasites on hosts
- Show interest in parasite-host relationships

- Search for information on parasitism
- Discuss types of parasites affecting humans and animals
- Analyze effect on distribution of organisms

How do parasites affect their hosts?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Digital resources
- Charts on parasitism
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Charts on symbiosis

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Saprophytism
The interdependence of life - Temperature effects
The interdependence of life - Light effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saprophytism
- Explain the role of saprophytes in ecosystems
- Appreciate decomposers in nutrient cycling

- Search for information on saprophytes
- Discuss bread molds, mushrooms and other decomposers
- Analyze effects on nutrient cycling

How do saprophytes contribute to ecosystem functioning?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Digital resources
- Photographs of fungi
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure
The interdependence of life - Humidity effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define atmospheric pressure
- Explain effects of atmospheric pressure on organisms
- Show interest in pressure as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Explain how pressure changes with altitude
- Analyze effects on organisms

How does atmospheric pressure affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Digital resources
- Barometer if available
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Wind effects
The interdependence of life - pH and salinity
The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wind and explain how it is measured
- Describe effects of wind on organisms
- Show interest in wind as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of wind and wind parameters
- Explain effects of wind on plants and animals
- Construct simple wind measuring instruments

How does wind affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Charts on energy flow

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Group work

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations

What is a food chain?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem
The interdependence of life - Decomposers
The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- School compost site
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Reference books

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Describe curved mirror surfaces
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Observe different reflector surfaces
- Discuss the description of concave, convex and parabolic reflectors
- Compare the surfaces of different curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms used in curved mirrors
- Identify parts of curved mirrors
- Show interest in terminology used in optics

- Study diagrams illustrating parts of curved mirrors
- Search the Internet and relevant print materials for meanings of optical terms
- Discuss terms used in curved mirrors

What are the key terms used in describing curved mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define focal length of curved mirrors
- Determine focal length experimentally
- Show interest in measuring optical parameters

- Define focal length
- Set up an experiment to determine focal length
- Measure and record focal length values

How can we determine the focal length of a curved mirror?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe image characteristics for convex mirrors
- Compare images formed by concave and convex mirrors

- Observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record image characteristics
- Compare with images formed by concave mirrors

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects
- Meter rules
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for concave mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Show interest in graphical representation

- Draw ray diagrams for different object positions
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Determine image characteristics from ray diagrams

How can ray diagrams be used to predict image characteristics?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of concave mirrors
- Relate object positions to specific applications
- Show interest in practical applications

- Search for information on applications of concave mirrors
- Relate applications to image characteristics
- Present findings to class

What makes concave mirrors suitable for specific applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams
- Digital resources
- Torch with reflector
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of convex mirrors
- Describe security and safety uses
- Show interest in practical applications

- Discuss the use of convex mirrors for surveillance
- Explain their applications in security systems
- Research use at road junctions and corners

How do convex mirrors enhance security and safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves
Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define waves in scientific terms
- Describe how waves are generated
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Observe waves created in water
- Generate sound waves using a drum/speaker
- Discuss energy transfer through waves

What are waves and how are they generated?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves
Waves - Characteristics of waves
Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate transverse waves
- Describe characteristics of transverse waves
- Compare longitudinal and transverse waves

- Use a slinky spring to generate transverse waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Create comparison charts

How do transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define frequency and periodic time
- Measure periodic time
- Calculate frequency from periodic time

- Demonstrate frequency and periodic time
- Measure time for complete oscillations
- Calculate frequency from measurements

What is the relationship between frequency and periodic time?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Stopwatch
- Chalk
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets

- Observation - Calculation skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Speed of a wave
Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave speed
- Derive the wave equation
- Apply the wave equation to solve problems

- Derive the relationship between wavelength, frequency and wave speed
- Practice using the wave equation
- Solve sample problems

How are wavelength, frequency, and wave speed related?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Chart paper
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate refraction of waves
- Explain how waves are refracted
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank with regions of different depths
- Observe changes in wave speed and wavelength
- Discuss the principle of refraction

What happens to waves when they pass from one medium to another?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Ripple tank
- Glass block
- Water
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Metal barriers

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing
Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define remote sensing
- Explain the principles of remote sensing
- Show interest in remote sensing applications

- Study photographs of environments
- Discuss the source of energy in photography
- Research remote sensing processes

What is remote sensing and how does it work?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Presentation materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves
Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of waves in surgery
- Describe applications in cancer therapy
- Show interest in medical treatments

- Research laser surgery applications
- Discuss radiation therapy for cancer
- Create information posters

How have waves revolutionized medical treatments?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Poster materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Chart materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Table templates
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Observation - Poster assessment - Written assignments