EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Introduction- Definition and importance of homeostasis and excretion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To define homeostasis and excretion.
To explain necessity of excretion in plants and animals.

Q/A: Definitions of digestion, ingestion and egestion, secretion and excretion.

Discuss importance of excretion in plants and animals.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Excretion in plants.
Excretion and homeostasis in unicellular organisms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To name plants excretory products.
To state uses of excretory products of plants.

Probing questions.
Exposition of new terms.
Discuss uses and abuses of plant excretory products.

Some plants excretory products.
text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Excretion and homeostasis in animals.
The mammalian skin.
The lungs.
The kidneys structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify excretory organs in various animals.
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.

Exposition and discussion.
Observe drawings of various animals showing excretory organs.

Specimens of platyhelmin-thes, annelida, insects.
Permanent slides of mammalian skin.
Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.
Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 85
K.L.B. BK 2
P. 87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The nephron.
Urine formation.
The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the nephron.

Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.

Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart
Chart-
The nephron.
text book

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The Liver.
Deamination.
Other functions of the liver.
Liver disorders.
Homeostasis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.

Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.

Chart-Structure of the liver
text book

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 93-94

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The feedback mechanism.
The hypothalamus.
The skin and thermoregulation.
Blood vessels and their functions in thermo-regulation.
Homeostatic behavioral activities.
Osmoregulation.
Blood sugar.
Diabetes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between positive and negative feedback and state their roles in maintaining the desirable point.


To explain the adaptation of blood vessels and their function in thermo-regulation.

Schematic representation of feedbacks.

Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing schematic diagrams.

Chart-
Schematic diagram of feedback mechanism
text book
text book
text book,video

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 97-98
K.L.B. BK 2 PP 98-99

CLASSIFICATION II

Introduction and Principles of Classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the importance of classification of organisms. Discuss the general principles of classification. Identify features used to classify organisms. Define taxa and taxon.

Q/A: Review of Classification I concepts. Discussion of classification criteria - structural similarities and differences. Q/A: Features for animals (body symmetry, coelom, appendages) and plants (vascular system, reproductive structures).

Charts - Classification features, Taxonomic units

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 1-2

CLASSIFICATION II

Binomial System of Nomenclature
Hierarchy of Taxa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define species and explain binomial nomenclature. Explain the rules of binomial naming system. Give examples of scientific names. State advantages of binomial nomenclature.

Detailed explanation of binomial system with two names (genus and species). Practice writing scientific names correctly - italics, capitalization rules. Q/A: Examples from Table 1.1 - human, chimpanzee, plants.

Charts - Examples of scientific names (Table 1.1), Practice writing materials
Charts - Taxonomic pyramid (Fig 1.1), Wall charts showing hierarchy

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 2-3

CLASSIFICATION II

Five Kingdom System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five kingdoms of organisms. State general characteristics of each kingdom. Compare modern classification with earlier systems. Explain changes in classification systems.

Teacher exposition of five kingdoms: Monera, Protoctista, Mycota, Plantae, Animalia. Discussion using Table 1.2. Q/A: Why systems change - bacteria, fungi, algae reclassification.

Charts - Table 1.2 characteristics, Five kingdom comparison chart

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 4-5

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Monera - Introduction
Bacteria - Structure and Characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of Kingdom Monera. Define prokaryotic organisms. Give examples of Monera. Distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes.

Detailed discussion of Monera characteristics - unicellular, prokaryotic, no organelles. Exposition of bacteria and blue-green algae as examples. Q/A: Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Charts - Prokaryote vs eukaryote comparison, Microscope images
Charts - Fig 1.2 bacterial structure, Drawing materials, Microscope

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 5

CLASSIFICATION II

Bacterial Types and Shapes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify bacteria according to shape. Identify different bacterial arrangements. Give examples of each bacterial type.

Study of bacterial shapes using Fig 1.3: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (comma), spirillus (spiral). Discussion of arrangements - pairs, chains, clusters.

Charts - Fig 1.3 bacterial types, Microscope, Prepared bacterial slides

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 6-7

CLASSIFICATION II

Bacterial Reproduction and Economic Importance
Blue-green Algae

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe bacterial reproduction by binary fission. Explain economic importance of bacteria. Identify harmful and useful bacteria. Give examples of bacterial diseases.

Exposition of asexual reproduction by binary fission. Discussion of harmful bacteria - diseases (tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera). Q/A: Useful bacteria - decomposition, nitrogen fixation, antibiotics.

Charts - Binary fission diagram, Disease-causing bacteria table, Specimens of antibiotics
Charts - Fig 1.4 Anabaena, Microscope, Water samples from local sources

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 6-7

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Protoctista - Introduction
Protozoa (Protista)
Algae - Characteristics and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of Kingdom Protoctista. Identify the two sub-kingdoms. Give examples of protoctists. Distinguish from other kingdoms.
State characteristics of algae. Classify algae according to pigments. Give examples of different algal types. Explain their habitats.

Teacher exposition of Protoctista characteristics - eukaryotic, mostly unicellular. Discussion of two sub-kingdoms: Protozoa and Algae. Examples from Table 1.3.
Discussion of algae as aquatic autotrophs. Classification by pigments: green, brown, red algae. Study of Fig 1.6 examples. Q/A: Thallus structure, holdfast, photosynthetic pigments.

Charts - Protoctista characteristics, Table 1.3 examples
Charts - Fig 1.5 protozoa, Table 1.3 diseases, Microscopes, Pond water samples, Glass slides, Drawing materials
Charts - Fig 1.6 algae types, Specimens of different algae, Hand lenses

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 8
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 9-10

CLASSIFICATION II

Economic Importance of Algae
Kingdom Mycota (Fungi) - Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ecological importance of algae. State economic uses of algae. Describe role as primary producers.

Discussion of algae as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Q/A: Food source for aquatic animals, oxygen production. Economic uses in food industry, cosmetics.

Charts - Aquatic food chains, Algae products, Ecosystem diagrams
Charts - Fungal characteristics, Specimens of mushrooms, bread moulds

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 10-11

CLASSIFICATION II

Fungal Structure and Reproduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of fungi. Explain fungal reproduction. Identify different types of fungi. Examine fungi practically.

Study of fungal structure using Fig 1.7 - hyphae, mycelium, sporangia. Practical examination of bread moulds under microscope. Students observe and draw fungal structures. Safety: Handle specimens with forceps.

Charts - Fig 1.7 fungi, Microscopes, Bread mould specimens, Forceps, Glass slides, Drawing materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 11-12, 29

CLASSIFICATION II

Economic Importance of Fungi
Kingdom Plantae - Introduction
Plant Phyla Overview

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain harmful effects of fungi. Describe useful roles of fungi. Give examples of fungal diseases. State uses in industry.

Discussion of harmful fungi - plant diseases (wheat rust), human diseases (thrush, ringworm), food spoilage. Q/A: Useful fungi - decomposers, food production, medicines, brewing.

Charts - Fungal diseases, Specimens of useful fungi, Food products made using fungi
Charts - Plant characteristics, Live plant specimens, Plant cell diagrams
Charts - Table 1.4 plant phyla, Specimens of mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 12-13