STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction and Age-Sex Pyramids Concept
Analysis and Interpretation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define statistical methods and age-sex pyramids; Recall previous statistical methods from Forms 1-3; Explain the structure and components of age-sex pyramids; Identify cohorts and age-group divisions

Q/A session reviewing previous statistical methods; Introduction to Form 4 advanced methods; Detailed explanation of age-sex pyramid concept using Kenya 1999 census data; Examination of pyramid structure and cohort identification

Sample age-sex pyramids; Kenya census data; Charts showing graph types; Textbook examples
Kenya and developed country pyramid examples; Comparison charts; Statistical data; Population analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-4

STATISTICAL METHODS

Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Introduction, Concepts and Construction Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify advantages and limitations of age-sex pyramids; Evaluate usefulness for planning purposes; Apply pyramid analysis to real scenarios; Assess pyramid effectiveness for data presentation

Brainstorming on advantages and disadvantages; Discussion on planning applications and limitations; Case study analysis for government planning; Review and consolidation of pyramid concepts and skills

Advantage/disadvantage charts; Planning scenario examples; Case study materials; Review worksheets
Sample dot maps; Livestock data tables; Calculators; Various sized dots; Dotting pens

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 7-8

STATISTICAL METHODS

Practical Construction and Location Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Construct complete dot maps using given data; Apply proper dot placement techniques; Use additional maps for accurate location; Create neat, professional dot maps

Practical construction of Bungoma County livestock map; Demonstration of dot placement using relief and settlement maps; Individual mapping exercise with quality control; Application of proper dotting techniques

Base maps; Dotting pens; Relief maps; Settlement maps; Bungoma livestock data; Practice materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 11-12

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction, Definition and Construction Steps
Shading Techniques and Practical Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define choropleth maps and density concepts; Calculate population/area densities; Apply systematic construction steps; Determine appropriate classification systems

Introduction to choropleth mapping and Greek origins; Explanation of density calculations; Step-by-step construction demonstration; Practice with density calculations and classification methods

Sample choropleth maps; Calculators; Area data; Classification examples; Density calculation worksheets
Shading materials; Pattern examples; Region A data; Base maps; Rulers; Final presentation materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 14-16

STATISTICAL METHODS

Analysis, Comparison and Comprehensive Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret choropleth map patterns; Compare all three statistical methods; Select appropriate methods for different data types; Demonstrate mastery through practical application

Analysis of completed choropleth maps; Comprehensive comparison of age-sex pyramids, dot maps, and choropleth maps; Method selection scenarios; Final assessment and practical application exercise

Completed maps; Comparison charts; Various data sets; Assessment materials; Method selection guides

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-19

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Introduction and Irrigation Schemes Overview

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define land reclamation and land rehabilitation; Distinguish between the two concepts; Identify major irrigation schemes in Kenya; Explain Kenya's irrigation potential and the role of NIB

Q/A on land use concepts; Teacher explanation of reclamation vs rehabilitation; Study of Kenya's 540,000 hectares potential; Examination of Table 2.1 showing 13 major schemes; Map work locating schemes

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Notebook; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 12-14

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme - Location and Development
Mwea-Tebere Scheme - Management and Cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mwea-Tebere location and physical factors; Trace historical development from 1950s; Explain the role of emergency period; Analyze the four blocks development

Detailed study of Mwea location in Kirinyaga County; Analysis of Rivers Thiba, Nyamindi, and Murubara; Discussion on black cotton soils and gentle slopes; Historical account from colonial period to four blocks expansion

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil; Ruler
Chalkboard; Textbook; Calculator; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 14-16

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Benefits, Problems and Perkerra Scheme

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify benefits and success factors of Mwea; Analyze major problems facing the scheme; Compare with Perkerra irrigation scheme; Evaluate location factors and challenges

Analysis of seven major benefits and success factors; Study of 11 problems including diseases, pests, and management issues; Examination of Perkerra location in Baringo County; Discussion on contract farming and Kenya Seed Company role

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 18-22

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Significance and Problems of Irrigation in Kenya
Methods - Drainage, Irrigation Types and Pest Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of irrigation farming in Kenya; Analyze economic and social benefits; Identify major problems facing irrigation; Suggest solutions to irrigation challenges

Study of nine significance points including foreign exchange savings; Analysis of settlement benefits and infrastructure development; Comprehensive examination of 11 major problems; Discussion on collapsed schemes and solution strategies

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map
Chalkboard; Textbook; Water bucket; Small stones; Exercise book

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 22-24

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Afforestation, Soil Conservation and ASAL Management
Kenya Case Studies - Lambwe Valley and Swamp Drainage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between afforestation and reafforestation; Explain erosion control methods; Identify ASAL areas and their management; Describe drought-resistant crops and agroforestry

Study of tree planting and forest replacement; Analysis of terracing, gabions, and contour farming; Examination of ASAL distribution across six provinces; Discussion on drought-resistant crops and ICRAF role

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Tree seedlings; Exercise book
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 29-32

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Netherlands Land Reclamation - Introduction and Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Netherlands geography and reclamation history; Explain the concept of polders; Analyze three main reclamation methods; Understand polder construction process

Study of Netherlands' land below sea level; Historical analysis from 13th century to modern methods; Examination of sea/marsh/lake reclamation; Step-by-step analysis of polder construction with ring canals and dykes

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-40

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Zuyder Zee and Delta Plan Projects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Zuyder Zee project development and benefits; Explain 1953 disaster and Delta Plan response; Analyze project outcomes and impacts; Evaluate flood prevention measures

Detailed study of 1927-1932 Zuyder Zee timeline; Analysis of Great Dyke construction and five polders; Study of 1953 disaster impact; Examination of Delta Plan objectives and four estuary closures

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 40-44

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Comparison and Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare Kenya and Netherlands reclamation methods; Identify similarities and differences; Evaluate success factors; Synthesize all concepts and prepare for assessment

Analysis of six similarities and five major differences; Comparative study of technology levels and approaches; Comprehensive review of all reclamation methods; Application of concepts to new scenarios and assessment preparation

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya and world maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 45-46, Review Pages 12-46

FISHING

Introduction and Factors Influencing Fishing - Plankton and Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define fishing, fisheries, and fish farming; Explain the presence of plankton and its importance; Analyze the influence of ocean currents on fish distribution; Describe the relationship between water temperature and fish populations

Q/A on previous knowledge of water bodies and fish; Teacher explanation of fishing concepts and terminology; Study of plankton types (zoo and phyto-plankton); Analysis of ocean current effects using Africa map; Discussion on water depth limitations (180m) and temperature effects (24°C)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya and Africa maps; Exercise book; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 31-33

FISHING

Factors Influencing Fishing - Coastline, Capital, Technology and Market
Major World Fishing Grounds - Atlantic Ocean

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how coastline nature affects fishing; Analyze the role of capital in fishing development; Evaluate the importance of technology in fishing; Assess the influence of large markets and transport on fishing

Study of continental shelf importance and shallow waters; Analysis of sheltered coastlines and coral reef barriers; Discussion on capital requirements for commercial fishing; Examination of technology differences between developed and developing countries; Study of market and transport needs

Chalkboard; Textbook; World map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 33-34

FISHING

Major World Fishing Grounds - Pacific Ocean and Comparison

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Pacific Ocean fishing grounds; Explain North-East and North-West Pacific characteristics; Compare Atlantic and Pacific fishing grounds; Analyze factors contributing to fishing ground development

Study of North-East Pacific (West Coast North America) salmon fishing; Analysis of North-West Pacific (North-East Asia) as world's largest fishing ground; Examination of current convergence effects; Comparison of technological advancement in different regions

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-39

FISHING

Fishing Grounds in Africa - Marine and Inland Fisheries
Types and Methods of Fishing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major fishing grounds in Africa; Explain why Africa is not a major fish producer; Describe marine fishing countries and their advantages; Analyze inland fisheries and their characteristics

Study of Africa's limited fish production (less than 8%); Analysis of warm ocean waters and coral reef limitations; Examination of major marine fishing countries (South Africa, Namibia, Morocco); Discussion on inland fishing in lakes and rivers using traditional methods

Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Fishing net sample; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 39-42

FISHING

Traditional Fishing Methods
Modern Fishing Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify traditional fishing methods; Explain harpooning, baskets, and traps techniques; Describe barriers, gill nets, and herbs methods; Analyze hand lines and their effectiveness

Detailed study of harpooning using spears and arrows; Examination of basket placement in shallow waters; Analysis of trap construction using reeds and cones; Discussion on seasonal barrier methods and gill net effectiveness; Study of herb use and hand line techniques

Chalkboard; Textbook; Basket sample; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Small rope sample

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 44-47

FISHING

Fisheries in East Africa - Kenya Marine and Inland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Kenya's fishing potential and reality; Explain marine fishing along Kenyan coast; Analyze problems facing marine fishing; Evaluate inland fishing grounds and their importance

Study of Kenya's coastline and drainage system potential; Analysis of marine fishing limitations and small-scale operations; Examination of problems (small market, lack of refrigeration, foreign competition); Detailed study of inland fishing in lakes Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha, Baringo, and Chala

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 49-53

FISHING

Fish Farming in Kenya and Fishing in Tanzania/Uganda

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fish farming establishment and management; Describe fish pond construction and fish feeding; Compare fishing in Tanzania and Uganda; Analyze East African fishing patterns

Study of fish pond construction on impervious soils; Analysis of fingerling sources and fish feeding methods; Examination of tilapia, trout, and mudfish farming; Comparison of Tanzania's Lake Victoria and Tanganyika fishing; Study of Uganda's landlocked fishing advantages

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 53-56

FISHING

Significance and Problems of Fishing Industry in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify economic and social significance of fishing; Analyze employment and development benefits; Examine major problems facing fishing industry; Suggest solutions to fishing problems

Study of fishing as income source and employment creator; Analysis of tourist attraction and protein source benefits; Examination of transport development and port growth; Detailed study of problems (over-fishing, pollution, inadequate capital, transport, new species, weeds, dangerous animals, limited market, accidents, few cooperatives)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 56-60

FISHING

Significance and Problems of Fishing Industry in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify economic and social significance of fishing; Analyze employment and development benefits; Examine major problems facing fishing industry; Suggest solutions to fishing problems

Study of fishing as income source and employment creator; Analysis of tourist attraction and protein source benefits; Examination of transport development and port growth; Detailed study of problems (over-fishing, pollution, inadequate capital, transport, new species, weeds, dangerous animals, limited market, accidents, few cooperatives)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 56-60

FISHING

Fishing in Japan - Factors and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors making Japan a leading fishing nation; Analyze Japan's fishing advantages; Describe Japanese fishing technology and methods; Compare Japanese and Kenyan fishing

Study of Japan's rugged terrain and island nature; Analysis of extensive continental shelf and current convergence; Examination of advanced technology and ship building; Discussion on lucrative markets and large population; Comparison of similarities and differences with Kenya

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 60-64

FISHING

Management and Conservation of Fisheries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for fisheries management; Describe conservation methods and techniques; Analyze international agreements and cooperation; Evaluate artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Study of declining fish resources globally; Analysis of management measures (licensing, banning, size restrictions); Examination of conservation techniques (restocking, research, pollution control); Discussion on Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and international cooperation; Study of artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 64-66