AGRICULTURE

Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define agriculture as growing crops and rearing livestock for human needs; Identify factors influencing agriculture; Explain scope of agricultural activities

Q/A on local farming; Discussion on agriculture definition; List agricultural activities; Introduction to influencing factors

Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 232-233

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relief types; Explain lowland cultivation advantages; Analyze soil composition and weathering; Evaluate soil properties

Q/A on relief and mechanization; Study lowland advantages in Monsoon Asia; Examine soil formation from rocks; Discuss hygroscopic water and temperature

Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 236-238

AGRICULTURE

Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define simple subsistence farming; Identify local names (Milpa, Counco, Roca, Masole, Citemene, Ladang); Describe shifting cultivation characteristics

Study shifting cultivation practices; Discuss slash-and-burn agriculture; Analyze sedentary agriculture; Compare farming implements

Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 242-244

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify tea growing highlands; Explain growing conditions (21°C, 1000-2000mm, 1000-1700m); Describe cultivation and processing

Study Figure 13.8 tea areas; Discuss tea varieties; Analyze cultivation process; Step-by-step processing at 100°C

Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 253-257

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Wheat Growing and Horticulture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify wheat areas and conditions; Compare with Canada's advantages; Define horticulture; Identify horticultural areas

Study Figure 13.20 wheat areas; Analyze Canadian Prairie advantages; Discuss horticultural companies; Export market analysis

Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 283-299

AGRICULTURE

Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe nomadic pastoralism areas and groups; Explain characteristics; Identify dairy farming regions using Table 13.1

Study Figure 13.29 pastoral patterns; Discuss government improvements; Analyze Table 13.1 distribution; Study dairy breeds

Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 299-313

AGRICULTURE

Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare traditional and commercial beef farming; Describe Argentina's Pampas system; Plan agricultural fieldwork

Analyze KMC operations; Study Argentine estancias; Discuss Kaputiei Scheme; Practice fieldwork planning

Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 313-327

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction and Age-Sex Pyramids Concept

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define statistical methods and age-sex pyramids; Recall previous statistical methods from Forms 1-3; Explain the structure and components of age-sex pyramids; Identify cohorts and age-group divisions

Q/A session reviewing previous statistical methods; Introduction to Form 4 advanced methods; Detailed explanation of age-sex pyramid concept using Kenya 1999 census data; Examination of pyramid structure and cohort identification

Sample age-sex pyramids; Kenya census data; Charts showing graph types; Textbook examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-4

STATISTICAL METHODS

Analysis and Interpretation
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze population structures of developing vs developed countries; Interpret broad-based and narrow-based pyramids; Explain dependency ratios and economic implications; Compare different country population structures

Comparative analysis of Kenya vs developed country pyramids; Discussion on broad base vs narrow base characteristics; Analysis of dependency concepts and life expectancy factors; Group comparison exercises between different countries

Kenya and developed country pyramid examples; Comparison charts; Statistical data; Population analysis worksheets
Advantage/disadvantage charts; Planning scenario examples; Case study materials; Review worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 5-7

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction, Concepts and Construction Factors
Practical Construction and Location Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define dot maps and distribution maps; Explain dot value, size and location principles; Calculate appropriate dot values; Apply factors for effective dot mapping

Introduction to dot mapping concepts and quantitative symbols; Explanation of three key factors: dot value, size, location; Practical calculation of dot values using livestock data; Discussion on avoiding overcrowding and sparse distribution

Sample dot maps; Livestock data tables; Calculators; Various sized dots; Dotting pens
Base maps; Dotting pens; Relief maps; Settlement maps; Bungoma livestock data; Practice materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 8-11

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction, Definition and Construction Steps
Shading Techniques and Practical Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define choropleth maps and density concepts; Calculate population/area densities; Apply systematic construction steps; Determine appropriate classification systems

Introduction to choropleth mapping and Greek origins; Explanation of density calculations; Step-by-step construction demonstration; Practice with density calculations and classification methods

Sample choropleth maps; Calculators; Area data; Classification examples; Density calculation worksheets
Shading materials; Pattern examples; Region A data; Base maps; Rulers; Final presentation materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 14-16

STATISTICAL METHODS

Analysis, Comparison and Comprehensive Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret choropleth map patterns; Compare all three statistical methods; Select appropriate methods for different data types; Demonstrate mastery through practical application

Analysis of completed choropleth maps; Comprehensive comparison of age-sex pyramids, dot maps, and choropleth maps; Method selection scenarios; Final assessment and practical application exercise

Completed maps; Comparison charts; Various data sets; Assessment materials; Method selection guides

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-19

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Introduction and Irrigation Schemes Overview

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define land reclamation and land rehabilitation; Distinguish between the two concepts; Identify major irrigation schemes in Kenya; Explain Kenya's irrigation potential and the role of NIB

Q/A on land use concepts; Teacher explanation of reclamation vs rehabilitation; Study of Kenya's 540,000 hectares potential; Examination of Table 2.1 showing 13 major schemes; Map work locating schemes

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Notebook; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 12-14

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme - Location and Development
Mwea-Tebere Scheme - Management and Cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mwea-Tebere location and physical factors; Trace historical development from 1950s; Explain the role of emergency period; Analyze the four blocks development

Detailed study of Mwea location in Kirinyaga County; Analysis of Rivers Thiba, Nyamindi, and Murubara; Discussion on black cotton soils and gentle slopes; Historical account from colonial period to four blocks expansion

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil; Ruler
Chalkboard; Textbook; Calculator; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 14-16

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Benefits, Problems and Perkerra Scheme
Significance and Problems of Irrigation in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify benefits and success factors of Mwea; Analyze major problems facing the scheme; Compare with Perkerra irrigation scheme; Evaluate location factors and challenges

Analysis of seven major benefits and success factors; Study of 11 problems including diseases, pests, and management issues; Examination of Perkerra location in Baringo County; Discussion on contract farming and Kenya Seed Company role

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 18-22

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Methods - Drainage, Irrigation Types and Pest Control
Afforestation, Soil Conservation and ASAL Management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain drainage methods for swamp reclamation; Describe six types of irrigation techniques; Analyze pest control as land reclamation; Study tse-tse fly control methods

Study of U-shaped and V-shaped drainage ditches; Detailed examination of bucket, flood, sprinkler, trickle, canal, and drip irrigation; Analysis of pest organisms impact; Discussion on tse-tse control through various methods

Chalkboard; Textbook; Water bucket; Small stones; Exercise book
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Tree seedlings; Exercise book

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 24-29

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Kenya Case Studies - Lambwe Valley and Swamp Drainage
Netherlands Land Reclamation - Introduction and Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze Lambwe Valley tse-tse control project; Describe World Bank funding and objectives; Explain five control measures used; Evaluate Yala and Bunyala swamp drainage benefits

Detailed case study of Lambwe Valley location and hot climate; Analysis of sterilization, spraying, clearing, buffer zones, and host killing; Study of Yala and Bunyala drainage objectives; Assessment of project outcomes and benefits

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 33-37

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Zuyder Zee and Delta Plan Projects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Zuyder Zee project development and benefits; Explain 1953 disaster and Delta Plan response; Analyze project outcomes and impacts; Evaluate flood prevention measures

Detailed study of 1927-1932 Zuyder Zee timeline; Analysis of Great Dyke construction and five polders; Study of 1953 disaster impact; Examination of Delta Plan objectives and four estuary closures

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 40-44

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Zuyder Zee and Delta Plan Projects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Zuyder Zee project development and benefits; Explain 1953 disaster and Delta Plan response; Analyze project outcomes and impacts; Evaluate flood prevention measures

Detailed study of 1927-1932 Zuyder Zee timeline; Analysis of Great Dyke construction and five polders; Study of 1953 disaster impact; Examination of Delta Plan objectives and four estuary closures

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 40-44

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION
FISHING

Comparison and Review
Introduction and Factors Influencing Fishing - Plankton and Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare Kenya and Netherlands reclamation methods; Identify similarities and differences; Evaluate success factors; Synthesize all concepts and prepare for assessment

Analysis of six similarities and five major differences; Comparative study of technology levels and approaches; Comprehensive review of all reclamation methods; Application of concepts to new scenarios and assessment preparation

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya and world maps
Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya and Africa maps; Exercise book; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 45-46, Review Pages 12-46

FISHING

Factors Influencing Fishing - Coastline, Capital, Technology and Market
Major World Fishing Grounds - Atlantic Ocean

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how coastline nature affects fishing; Analyze the role of capital in fishing development; Evaluate the importance of technology in fishing; Assess the influence of large markets and transport on fishing

Study of continental shelf importance and shallow waters; Analysis of sheltered coastlines and coral reef barriers; Discussion on capital requirements for commercial fishing; Examination of technology differences between developed and developing countries; Study of market and transport needs

Chalkboard; Textbook; World map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 33-34

FISHING

Major World Fishing Grounds - Pacific Ocean and Comparison
Fishing Grounds in Africa - Marine and Inland Fisheries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Pacific Ocean fishing grounds; Explain North-East and North-West Pacific characteristics; Compare Atlantic and Pacific fishing grounds; Analyze factors contributing to fishing ground development

Study of North-East Pacific (West Coast North America) salmon fishing; Analysis of North-West Pacific (North-East Asia) as world's largest fishing ground; Examination of current convergence effects; Comparison of technological advancement in different regions

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-39

FISHING

Types and Methods of Fishing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between four main types of fishing; Explain pelagic and demersal fishing characteristics; Describe inshore and freshwater fishing; Compare traditional and modern fishing methods

Study of pelagic fishing (surface fish in shoals); Analysis of demersal fishing (bottom fish, large size); Examination of inshore fishing (coastal, subsistence); Discussion on freshwater fishing in various water bodies; Introduction to traditional vs modern methods

Chalkboard; Textbook; Fishing net sample; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 42-44

FISHING

Traditional Fishing Methods
Modern Fishing Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify traditional fishing methods; Explain harpooning, baskets, and traps techniques; Describe barriers, gill nets, and herbs methods; Analyze hand lines and their effectiveness

Detailed study of harpooning using spears and arrows; Examination of basket placement in shallow waters; Analysis of trap construction using reeds and cones; Discussion on seasonal barrier methods and gill net effectiveness; Study of herb use and hand line techniques

Chalkboard; Textbook; Basket sample; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Small rope sample

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 44-47

FISHING

Fisheries in East Africa - Kenya Marine and Inland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Kenya's fishing potential and reality; Explain marine fishing along Kenyan coast; Analyze problems facing marine fishing; Evaluate inland fishing grounds and their importance

Study of Kenya's coastline and drainage system potential; Analysis of marine fishing limitations and small-scale operations; Examination of problems (small market, lack of refrigeration, foreign competition); Detailed study of inland fishing in lakes Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha, Baringo, and Chala

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 49-53

FISHING

Fish Farming in Kenya and Fishing in Tanzania/Uganda

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fish farming establishment and management; Describe fish pond construction and fish feeding; Compare fishing in Tanzania and Uganda; Analyze East African fishing patterns

Study of fish pond construction on impervious soils; Analysis of fingerling sources and fish feeding methods; Examination of tilapia, trout, and mudfish farming; Comparison of Tanzania's Lake Victoria and Tanganyika fishing; Study of Uganda's landlocked fishing advantages

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 53-56

FISHING

Significance and Problems of Fishing Industry in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify economic and social significance of fishing; Analyze employment and development benefits; Examine major problems facing fishing industry; Suggest solutions to fishing problems

Study of fishing as income source and employment creator; Analysis of tourist attraction and protein source benefits; Examination of transport development and port growth; Detailed study of problems (over-fishing, pollution, inadequate capital, transport, new species, weeds, dangerous animals, limited market, accidents, few cooperatives)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 56-60

FISHING

Fishing in Japan - Factors and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors making Japan a leading fishing nation; Analyze Japan's fishing advantages; Describe Japanese fishing technology and methods; Compare Japanese and Kenyan fishing

Study of Japan's rugged terrain and island nature; Analysis of extensive continental shelf and current convergence; Examination of advanced technology and ship building; Discussion on lucrative markets and large population; Comparison of similarities and differences with Kenya

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 60-64

FISHING

Management and Conservation of Fisheries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for fisheries management; Describe conservation methods and techniques; Analyze international agreements and cooperation; Evaluate artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Study of declining fish resources globally; Analysis of management measures (licensing, banning, size restrictions); Examination of conservation techniques (restocking, research, pollution control); Discussion on Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and international cooperation; Study of artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 64-66