OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Water Movement - Vertical Movement
Water Movement - Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain vertical water movement through upwelling and downwelling. Describe causes: density differences and converging currents. Analyze significance for marine life and fishing.

Discussion of density differences in ocean water. Simple demonstration using warm and cold water in containers. Analysis of upwelling areas and fishing grounds.

Containers, warm and cold water, chalkboard, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, globe, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 120-122

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Major Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify characteristics and distribution of major world ocean currents. Give examples: Gulf Stream, Labrador, Kuroshio, California currents. Analyze current patterns in different ocean basins.

Discussion of major ocean currents with world map reference. Students create table of warm and cold currents. Analysis of current circulation patterns.

World map, atlas, chalkboard, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 124-125

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Tides - Formation and Causes
Types of Tides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain tide formation through gravitational pull of moon and sun. Describe earth's rotation effects on tidal patterns. Define tidal range and lunar day concepts.

Discussion of gravitational forces using simple demonstrations. Drawing tidal formation diagrams on chalkboard. Students observe local tidal patterns if applicable.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 125-127

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wave formation through wind friction on water surface. Describe wave components: crest, trough, wavelength, height. Distinguish between constructive and destructive waves.

Simple demonstration of wave formation using water basin and fan/breath. Drawing wave diagrams showing crest and trough. Discussion of wave breaking processes.

Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 128-130

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wave formation through wind friction on water surface. Describe wave components: crest, trough, wavelength, height. Distinguish between constructive and destructive waves.

Simple demonstration of wave formation using water basin and fan/breath. Drawing wave diagrams showing crest and trough. Discussion of wave breaking processes.

Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 128-130

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Erosion Processes and Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wave erosion processes: corrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution. Identify erosional features: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps.

Discussion of erosion processes with practical examples. Drawing formation sequence of coastal erosional features on chalkboard. Students sketch feature formation stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 130-134

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe beach formation and characteristics. Explain spit formation at coastline direction changes. Identify beach features: ridges, cusps, berms, beach rock.

Discussion of beach formation conditions and processes. Drawing spit formation diagrams showing longshore drift effects. Students identify local beach examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 135-137

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bar formation: bay bars and offshore bars. Describe tombolo, cuspate foreland, mudflats, salt marshes, and dune belts formation.

Drawing different bar formation types on chalkboard. Discussion of lagoon formation behind bars. Students sketch various depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 137-139

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bar formation: bay bars and offshore bars. Describe tombolo, cuspate foreland, mudflats, salt marshes, and dune belts formation.

Drawing different bar formation types on chalkboard. Discussion of lagoon formation behind bars. Students sketch various depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 137-139

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between concordant and discordant coasts. Explain factors determining coast types: wave action, tidal currents, rock nature, alignment.

Discussion of coast types with Kenya examples (Malindi-Lamu vs Mombasa). Analysis of factors affecting coastal development. Students identify coast types on maps.

Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 139-140

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain submerged coast formation through base level changes. Describe rias, fjords, and Dalmatian coasts in highland areas. Identify fjards in lowland submergence.

Drawing submerged coast formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of East African rias (Kilindini, Lamu). Students analyze submergence causes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 140-142

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Emerged Coasts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe emerged coast formation through sea level fall. Identify upland features: raised beaches, notches, wave-cut platforms. Explain lowland features: fall-lines, gentle coastal plains.

Discussion of emergence processes and resultant features. Analysis of Kenya coast examples (Mama Ngina Drive, Oceanic Hotel). Students draw emerged coast profiles.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 142-143

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Coasts and Reef Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coral polyp requirements for growth: temperature, clean water, shallow depth, salinity. Describe conditions favoring coral development.

Discussion of coral growth conditions and requirements. Analysis of tropical coral distribution patterns. Students list coral growth requirements.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 143-144

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Coasts and Reef Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coral polyp requirements for growth: temperature, clean water, shallow depth, salinity. Describe conditions favoring coral development.

Discussion of coral growth conditions and requirements. Analysis of tropical coral distribution patterns. Students list coral growth requirements.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 143-144

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Explain formation processes and characteristics of each reef type. Give examples from East Africa and globally.

Drawing coral reef formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of Great Barrier Reef and local examples. Students sketch reef formation sequences.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 144-146

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean significance for climate modification, fishing, transport, and mineral extraction. Describe HEP generation from tides and tourism benefits.

Discussion of ocean economic activities and benefits. Analysis of global fishing grounds and shipping routes. Students list ocean economic uses.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 148-149

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe coastal benefits: ports, harbours, fishing grounds, tourism, building materials. Explain marine life habitats and transport challenges.

Discussion of coastal economic activities with Kenya examples. Analysis of port development and coastal tourism. Students evaluate coastal significance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 149-150

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Unit Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Assess understanding of ocean characteristics, water movements, coastal processes, and significance. Evaluate achievement of all learning objectives.

Written assessment covering all unit topics. Practical identification of coastal features from descriptions. Map work exercises using atlas.

Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-150

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Definition of Terms and Types of Deserts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define arid lands and aridity as areas receiving less than 250mm annual rainfall. Classify deserts: hot continental interior, coastal, mid-latitude, and ice/snow deserts. Identify examples globally and in Kenya (ASAL areas, Chalbi, Kaisut, Karoli).

Q/A to review climate and aridity concepts from Form 2. Discussion of world desert distribution using atlas. Students list desert types and examples in exercise books.

Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 151-152

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Erosion Processes
Wind Erosion Features - Small Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind erosion processes: abrasion, attrition, and deflation. Describe factors favoring wind action in hot deserts: unconsolidated particles, scanty vegetation, tropical storms.

Discussion of wind erosion mechanisms with practical examples. Simple demonstration using sand and breath/fan to show wind effect. Students draw erosion process diagrams.

Sand, small container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, small stones for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 152-153

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Erosion Features - Large Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of mushroom blocks, zeugens, yardangs, and deflation hollows. Describe large-scale erosional features with examples like Mukarob rock in Namibia and Qattara Depression in Egypt.

Drawing large-scale erosional feature formation on chalkboard. Discussion of vertical vs horizontal rock structures. Analysis of feature distribution in world deserts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 155-157

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Transportation and Deposition
Sand Dunes - Barchans and Seif Dunes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind transportation methods: suspension, saltation, surface creep. Describe factors influencing transportation: wind speed, load nature, obstacles, particle state. Explain deposition conditions.

Demonstration of particle movement using sand and fan/breath. Discussion of transportation distances for different particle sizes. Students create transportation process diagrams.

Sand, fan or strong breath, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Sand, small obstacles, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 156-157

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Other Dune Types, Draas, and Loess

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain transverse and wake dune formation. Describe draas as large dune features up to 200m high. Define loess as fine-grained wind-deposited soil with examples from Europe, China, and Americas.

Discussion of various dune types and their wind conditions. Analysis of global loess distribution and agricultural importance. Students compare different depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 159-160

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Water Action in Arid Areas - Wadis and Inselbergs
Pediments, Pediplains, and Plateau Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wadi formation through flash floods creating steep dry valleys. Describe inselberg development as residual rock masses through slope retreat. Give examples from Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Kenya (Nzambani Rock).

Discussion of flash flood processes and erosional effects. Drawing wadi and inselberg formation diagrams on chalkboard. Analysis of water action despite aridity.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 160-161

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Water Deposition Features and Dry Valleys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe alluvial fan and bajada formation at upland feet. Explain playa and salina development in basins. Identify dry river valleys (laghs/lagas) common in northern Kenya counties.

Discussion of seasonal water flow and deposition patterns. Analysis of Kenya's northern dry valleys with county examples. Students map regional examples of water features.

Maps of Kenya, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 163-164

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Significance of Arid Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positive significance: solar energy potential, mineral resources, tourism attractions, unique ecosystems. Describe negative impacts: sand dune migration, agricultural threats, water scarcity challenges, settlement difficulties.

Discussion of arid area opportunities and challenges with global and local examples. Analysis of Kenya's ASAL development potential and problems. Students evaluate significance balance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 164-165

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Significance of Arid Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positive significance: solar energy potential, mineral resources, tourism attractions, unique ecosystems. Describe negative impacts: sand dune migration, agricultural threats, water scarcity challenges, settlement difficulties.

Discussion of arid area opportunities and challenges with global and local examples. Analysis of Kenya's ASAL development potential and problems. Students evaluate significance balance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 164-165

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Surface and Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe processes leading to surface and underground water. Distinguish between surface and underground water types. Identify sources of underground water including rain, snow melt, lake/sea water, and magmatic water. Define water table, aquifer and aquifuge. Explain factors affecting occurrence of underground water.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle processes. Exposition on underground water as "body of water derived from percolation and contained in soil, sub-soil and underlying rocks above impermeable layer". Discussion on surface water types and saltiness from weathering. Detailed explanation of water infiltration through permeable rocks and joints/faults. Discussion on factors affecting occurrence including precipitation, evaporation, porosity, permeability, slope, vegetation, saturation levels, evapotranspiration.

Charts showing water sources, Rock samples, Diagrams of percolation and water table, Transparent containers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 166-170

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Features Resulting from Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features resulting from underground water: springs, wells, artesian basins and wells. Describe spring formation in well-jointed limestone, at scarp slopes, and spring-lines. Explain well construction and distinguish permanent, intermittent and dry wells. Define artesian basin structure and conditions for artesian well location.

Exposition on springs as "natural outflow of water from rocks" with formation methods in limestone areas. Discussion on bournes as intermittent streams in chalk areas. Explanation of wells as "holes sunk into permeable rock to reach water table" using textbook diagrams. Detailed discussion on artesian basin structure and examples including London Basin, Great Australian Basin, Sahara, Kalahari.

Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 170-172

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Features Resulting from Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features resulting from underground water: springs, wells, artesian basins and wells. Describe spring formation in well-jointed limestone, at scarp slopes, and spring-lines. Explain well construction and distinguish permanent, intermittent and dry wells. Define artesian basin structure and conditions for artesian well location.

Exposition on springs as "natural outflow of water from rocks" with formation methods in limestone areas. Discussion on bournes as intermittent streams in chalk areas. Explanation of wells as "holes sunk into permeable rock to reach water table" using textbook diagrams. Detailed discussion on artesian basin structure and examples including London Basin, Great Australian Basin, Sahara, Kalahari.

Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 170-172

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Importance of Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ways underground water is important to humankind and countries. Give specific examples of underground water significance including settlement, irrigation, domestic/industrial supply, geothermal energy, mineral deposits.

Brain storming on underground water uses. Detailed discussion on importance aspects including settlement sites like spring-line settlements, irrigation in dry areas like Sahara oases, domestic/industrial water like Mzima Springs supplying Mombasa, river sources in Kenyan Highlands, geothermal power like Olkaria near Naivasha, mineral deposits like salt at Homa Hills, underground streams keeping lakes fresh like Lake Naivasha.

Photographs of key sites, Maps of Kenya, Case study materials, Charts showing applications

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-173

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define karst as area with limestone, chalk or dolomite. Explain chemical processes forming carbonic acid and calcium bicarbonate. Identify conditions for karst development. Describe surface features: grikes/clints, swallow holes, dolines, uvalas, poljes, gorges. Describe underground features: caves, underground rivers, stalactites, stalagmites, limestone pillars.

Q/A to review limestone characteristics from Form 1. Exposition on karst origin and chemical equations. Discussion on development conditions including jointed rocks, humid climate, deep water table. Progressive explanation of surface features using textbook diagrams and formation table. Exposition on underground features with stalactite/stalagmite formation processes. Examples from various countries including Kenya's Marafa Cave.

Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-178

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Significance of Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of karst landscape features to humankind and countries. Analyze positive and negative impacts of karst features. Evaluate economic importance of limestone areas including tourism, water supply challenges, industrial uses, grazing potential.

Probing questions on karst landscape significance. Detailed discussion on significance aspects including tourism attractions like caves and gorges, solution lakes providing water sources, water scarcity due to intermittent streams, infrastructure development challenges, limestone use in iron/steel industry, grazing suitability for sheep, cement production like Bamburi and Athi River factories, environmental management challenges. Q/A on sustainable use of limestone resources. Topic assessment.

Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 178-179

Glaciation

Definition of Terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define glaciation, ice, snow, snowline, firn, neve fields. Distinguish between permanent and temporary snowlines. Explain glacier formation conditions.

Q/A to review ice formation concepts. Exposition on glaciation definition and related terminology. Discussion on snowline variations with latitude and altitude. Explanation of firn formation through compaction processes. Discussion on glacier formation conditions and avalanche effects.

Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 180-182

Glaciation

Definition of Terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define glaciation, ice, snow, snowline, firn, neve fields. Distinguish between permanent and temporary snowlines. Explain glacier formation conditions.

Q/A to review ice formation concepts. Exposition on glaciation definition and related terminology. Discussion on snowline variations with latitude and altitude. Explanation of firn formation through compaction processes. Discussion on glacier formation conditions and avalanche effects.

Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 180-182

Glaciation

Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between valley and piedmont glaciers. Define ice sheets and ice caps. Identify African glacier examples. Describe nunataks.

Exposition on glacier types with African examples. Discussion on ice sheet characteristics and global distribution. Explanation of ice cap types and locations. Reference to textbook glacier table showing major examples worldwide. Group work identifying glacier locations on maps.

Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 182-183

Glaciation

Icebergs and Ice Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define icebergs and explain their formation. Describe iceberg distribution. Explain three ways ice moves. Analyze factors affecting ice movement speed.

Exposition on iceberg formation and distribution. Discussion on iceberg movement by ocean currents. Explanation of ice movement mechanisms including freeze-thaw action, basal slip, and extrusion flow. Analysis of movement speed factors and rates. Comparison of different glacier movement speeds.

World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 183-184

Glaciation

Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

Glaciation

Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

Glaciation

Glacial Features and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe highland and lowland glacial features. Analyze positive and negative significance of glaciation.

Discussion on highland feature formation processes and characteristics. Description of lowland glacial features and formation. Analysis of glaciation significance including economic benefits and challenges. Examples from East African mountains and world locations. Group work on significance evaluation and local applications.

Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 186-194