THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Atomic and mass numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Name the subatomic particles in an atom.
Define atomic number and mass number of an atom.
Represent atomic and mass numbers symbolically.

Exposition on new concepts;
Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

text book

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

First twenty elements of the periodic table.
Isotopes.
Electronic configuration.
Electronic configuration in diagrams.
Periods of the periodic table.
Groups of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List the first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Write chemical symbols of the first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Represent electronic configuration diagrammatically.

Expository approach: referring to the periodic table, teacher exposes the first twenty elements.
Writing down a list of first twenty elements of the periodic table.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

Periodic table.
text book
Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3
K.L.B.
BOOK II
PP. 5-8

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

R.M.M. and isotopes.
Positive ions and ion formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate R.M.M. from isotopic composition.

Supervised practice involving calculation of RMM from isotopic composition.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 11-13

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions representation.
Negative ions and ion formation.
Valencies of metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent formation of positive ions symbolically.

Diagrammatic representation of cations.

Chart  ion model.
Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 16

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencie of non-metals.
Valencies of radicals.
Oxidation number.
Electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number
Chemical formulae of compounds. - Elements of equal valencies.
Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of unequal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall valencies of non-metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.
Relate electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number of different elements.

Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Written exercise;
Exercise review.

Periodic table.
text book
The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17
K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of variable valencies.
Chemical equations.
Balanced chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of variable valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as
-Copper (I) Oxide.
-Copper (II) Oxide.
-Iron (II) Sulphate.
-Iron (III) Sulphate.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE
CHEMICAL FAMILIES
CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Balanced chemical equations.(contd)
Alkali metals. Atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals
Ionisation energy of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To balance chemical equations correctly.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

text book
The periodic

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 25-8

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Physical properties of alkali metals.
Chemical properties of alkali metals.
Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.
Compounds of alkali metals.
Uses of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkali metals.
To write balanced equations for reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Li, Na, and K.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion on physical properties of alkali metals.


Teacher demonstration- reaction of sodium with chlorine in a fume chamber.
Q/A: Students to predict a similar reaction between potassium and chlorine.
Word and balanced chemical equations for various reactions.

Chart ? comparative properties of Li, Na, K.
text book
Sodium, chlorine.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 30-31
K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Alkaline Earth metals Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.
Physical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Allotropy.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify alkaline earth metals.

State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.

Q/A: Elements of group I and their electron configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Make deductions from the table.

Some alkaline earth metals.
Alkaline earth metals.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon
Burning carbon and oxygen.
Reduction properties of carbon.
Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.
Properties of CO2.
Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
State uses of carbon allotropes.

Discuss physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Explain the Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Discuss uses of carbon allotropes.

Charcoal, graphite.
Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.
CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top
Conc. HNO3, limewater.
Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 134

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of CO2.
Carbon monoxide lab preparation.
Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.
Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.
Introduction to Nitrogen - Properties and Occurrence
Isolation of Nitrogen from Air - Industrial and Laboratory Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of CO2
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.
Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

text book
text book, chart
text book
Periodic table charts, Atmospheric composition diagrams, Molecular models showing N≡N triple bond
Aspirator, KOH solution, Copper turnings, Heating apparatus, Fractional distillation flow chart

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Gas
Properties and Uses of Nitrogen Gas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen gas from ammonium compounds
Use sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride method
Test physical and chemical properties of nitrogen
Write equations for nitrogen preparation

Experiment: Mix sodium nitrite (7g) and ammonium chloride ( 5g) with water. Heat gently and collect gas over water. Tests: Color, smell, burning splint, litmus paper, lime water, burning Mg and S. Safety precautions during heating.

Sodium nitrite, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Test reagents, Deflagrating spoon
Property summary charts, Uses of nitrogen displays, Industrial application diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 121-123

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(I) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Nitrogen(II) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Nitrogen(IV) Oxide - Preparation and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(I) oxide from ammonium nitrate
Test physical and chemical properties
Explain decomposition and oxidizing properties
Describe uses of nitrogen(I) oxide

Experiment: Heat ammonium nitrate carefully in test tube. Collect gas over warm water. Tests: Color, smell, glowing splint test, reaction with heated copper and sulfur. Safety: Stop heating while some solid remains to avoid explosion.

Ammonium nitrate, Test tubes, Gas collection apparatus, Copper turnings, Sulfur, Glowing splints
Copper turnings, Dilute nitric acid, Gas collection apparatus, Iron(II) sulfate solution, Test reagents
Copper turnings, Concentrated nitric acid, Lead(II) nitrate, Gas collection apparatus, U-tube with ice, Testing materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-125

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Comparison of Nitrogen Oxides and Environmental Effects
Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia
Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia and Solubility
Reactions of Aqueous Ammonia with Metal Ions
Chemical Properties of Ammonia - Reactions with Acids and Combustion
Industrial Manufacture of Ammonia - The Haber Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare preparation methods of nitrogen oxides
Distinguish between different nitrogen oxides
Explain formation in vehicle engines
Describe environmental pollution effects
Test reactions of aqueous ammonia with various metal ions
Observe precipitate formation and dissolution
Explain complex ion formation
Use reactions for metal ion identification

Comparative study: Properties table of N₂O, NO, NO₂. Discussion: Formation in internal combustion engines. Environmental effects: Acid rain formation, smog, health problems. Worked examples: Distinguishing tests for each oxide.
Experiment: Add aqueous ammonia dropwise to solutions of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺. Record observations with few drops vs excess ammonia. Identify complex ion formation with Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺.

Comparison charts, Environmental impact diagrams, Vehicle emission illustrations
Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Calcium oxide, HCl solution, Glass rod, Litmus paper
Ammonia generation apparatus, Funnel, Universal indicator, Fountain apparatus, pH meter/paper
Various metal salt solutions, Aqueous ammonia, Test tubes, Droppers, Observation recording tables
Various dilute acids, Methyl orange, Oxygen supply, Platinum wire, Copper(II) oxide, Combustion apparatus, U-tube for collection
Haber process flow charts, Industrial diagrams, Catalyst samples, Economic analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-131
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 136-138

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of Ammonia and Introduction to Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Nitrogenous Fertilizers - Types and Calculations
Laboratory Preparation of Nitric(V) Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List major uses of ammonia
Explain importance as fertilizer
Calculate nitrogen percentages in fertilizers
Compare different nitrogenous fertilizers

Discussion: Uses - fertilizer, refrigerant, cleaning agent, hydrazine production. Introduction to fertilizers: Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, urea, CAN. Calculations: Percentage nitrogen content in each fertilizer type.

Fertilizer samples, Percentage calculation worksheets, Use application charts, Calculator
Various fertilizer formulas, Scientific calculators, Laboratory preparation materials, Environmental impact data
Potassium nitrate, Concentrated sulfuric acid, All-glass apparatus, Condenser, Retort stand, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 141-144

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Manufacture of Nitric(V) Acid
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Metals
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Carbonates and Hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe catalytic oxidation process
Explain raw materials and conditions
Draw flow diagram of industrial process
Calculate theoretical yields and efficiency

Teacher exposition: Ostwald process - NH₃ oxidation with Pt-Rh catalyst at 900°C. Flow diagram: Oxidation chamber, cooling, absorption tower. Equations: NH₃ → NO → NO₂ → HNO₃. Economic factors: Catalyst cost, heat recovery.

Industrial process flow charts, Catalyst samples, Process condition charts, Efficiency calculation sheets
Various metals (Mg, Zn, Cu), Dilute nitric acid, Test tubes, Gas testing apparatus, Burning splints
Various carbonates and hydroxides, Dilute nitric acid, Lime water, Universal indicator, Test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 145-147

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reactions of Concentrated Nitric(V) Acid - Oxidizing Properties
Uses of Nitric(V) Acid and Introduction to Nitrates
Action of Heat on Nitrates - Decomposition Patterns
Test for Nitrates - Brown Ring Test
Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate strong oxidizing properties
Test reactions with FeSO₄, sulfur, and copper
Observe formation of nitrogen dioxide
Explain electron transfer in oxidation
Test thermal decomposition of different nitrates
Classify decomposition patterns based on metal reactivity
Identify products formed on heating
Write equations for decomposition reactions

Experiments: (a) Add concentrated HNO₃ to acidified FeSO₄ - observe color change. (b) Add to sulfur - observe reaction. (c) Add to copper turnings - observe vigorous reaction and brown fumes. Explain oxidizing power and reduction to NO₂.
Experiment: Heat KNO₃, NaNO₃, Zn(NO₃)₂, Cu(NO₃)₂, NH₄NO₃ separately. Test gases with glowing splint. Observe residues. Classification: Group I nitrates → nitrite + O₂; Group II → oxide + NO₂ + O₂; NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + H₂O.

Concentrated nitric acid, Iron(II) sulfate, Sulfur powder, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Fume cupboard access
Industrial use charts, Nitrate salt samples, Preparation method diagrams, Safety data sheets
Various nitrate salts, Test tubes, Bunsen burner, Gas collection apparatus, Glowing splints, Observation recording sheets
Sodium nitrate, Fresh FeSO₄ solution, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Unknown nitrate samples
Environmental pollution charts, Acid rain effect photos, Vehicle emission diagrams, Control measure illustrations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 150-151
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 151-153

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Pollution Control and Environmental Solutions
Comprehensive Problem Solving - Nitrogen Chemistry
Laboratory Practical Assessment - Nitrogen Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze methods to reduce nitrogen pollution
Design pollution control strategies
Evaluate effectiveness of current measures
Propose new solutions for environmental protection

Discussion and analysis: Catalytic converters in vehicles, sewage treatment, lime addition to soils/lakes, proper fertilizer application, industrial gas recycling. Group activity: Design pollution control strategy for local area. Evaluation of current measures.

Case studies, Pollution control technology information, Group activity worksheets, Local environmental data
Scientific calculators, Comprehensive problem sets, Industrial data sheets, Experimental result tables
Unknown nitrogen compounds, All laboratory chemicals and apparatus used in chapter, Safety equipment, Assessment rubrics

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 154-157

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Applications and Economic Importance
Chapter Review and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Evaluate economic importance of nitrogen industry
Analyze industrial production costs and benefits
Compare different manufacturing processes
Assess impact on agricultural productivity

Case study analysis: Haber process economics, fertilizer industry impact, nitric acid production costs. Agricultural benefits: Crop yield improvements, food security. Economic calculations: Production costs, profit margins, environmental costs. Global nitrogen cycle importance.

Economic data sheets, Industry case studies, Agricultural statistics, Cost-benefit analysis templates
Concept mapping materials, Comparison charts, Flow diagram templates, Integration worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157