LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Composition of an egg

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify parts of an egg. Describe the parts of an egg. Explain the functions of each part of an egg.

Drawing and labeling an egg diagram. Breaking an egg to examine its internal structure. Detailed discussion on each part's function. Group work comparing different egg types. Practical examination of shell thickness and porosity.

Eggs, Chart showing parts of an egg, Drawing materials, Magnifying glass, Rulers for measurement

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 1-2

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Incubation of eggs - Selection characteristics
Egg candling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of eggs for incubation. List factors to consider when selecting eggs for incubation. Examine internal condition of eggs through candling.

Q/A on egg selection criteria. Practical activity - examining eggs for selection. Discussion on weight, size, and shape requirements. Hands-on evaluation of egg quality for incubation. Recording selection criteria observations.

Eggs of various conditions, Weighing scale, Measuring tools, Record sheets, Selection criteria charts
Cardboard boxes, Torch, Electric bulb, Candles, Dark room setup, Observation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 3-4

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Natural incubation
Artificial incubation - Conditions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of natural incubation. Identify management practices of natural incubation. Describe signs of broodiness in hens. Explain preparation of nesting boxes for broody hens.

Q/A on natural incubation signs and management. Discussion on advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of nesting box preparation. Role-play managing broody hens. Setting up proper nesting environment with appropriate materials. Problem-solving scenarios for natural incubation challenges.

Nesting box, Nesting materials (dry grass, sawdust), Debe containers, Sample nest setups, Broody hen management guides
Artificial incubator model, Thermometer, Water trays, Ventilation materials, Damp cloths, Eggs for turning

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 5-6

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Management of an incubator
Sources of chicks and brooding introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight management practices of an incubator. State merits and demerits of artificial incubation. Explain daily management routines. Identify and solve common incubation problems.

Brain storming on incubator management practices. Practical demonstration of daily management procedures. Setting up incubation schedules and record keeping. Hands-on cleaning and disinfection procedures. Problem-solving common incubation failures and solutions. Cost-benefit analysis of artificial vs natural incubation.

Incubator, Disinfectants, Cleaning materials, Management record sheets, Timer, Cost comparison charts
List of chick suppliers in Kenya, Transport cost charts, Chick quality assessment guides, Presentation materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 8-9

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Artificial brooding - Requirements and preparation
Brooder management and chick care

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify requirements for an artificial brooder. Explain brooder preparation procedures before chicks arrive. Describe equipment needed for brooding. Set up proper brooding environment.

Exposition and probing questions on brooder requirements. Practical demonstration of brooder setup and preparation. Hands-on installation of heat sources (32°C-35°C first week). Setting up feeders, waterers, and proper spacing. Preparation of newspapers and litter materials. Testing all equipment before chick arrival.

Artificial brooder, Heat sources (electric bulbs, charcoal burner), Wire guards, Thermometer, Newspapers, Litter materials, Feeders, Waterers
Chick mash samples, Feeders, Waterers, Vaccination charts, Behavior observation sheets, Feed calculation worksheets, Thermometer

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 7-8

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Rearing of growers, layers and broilers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss rearing of growers, layers and broilers. Compare feeding requirements for different bird categories. Calculate feed consumption and space requirements. Plan transition from brooder to grower stage.

Exposition and probing questions on different rearing stages. Discussion on grower mash (16-17% D.C.P.) vs layer mash (14-16% D.C.P.) vs broiler feeds. Practical calculation of daily feed requirements (120g per layer). Problem-solving feeding program transitions. Creating management schedules for different bird categories. Space calculation exercises.

Feed samples (grower, layer, broiler mash), Calculators, Rearing comparison charts, Feed calculation worksheets, Space requirement guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 10-12

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Free range rearing system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered when choosing a rearing system. Identify requirements for free-range system. State merits and demerits of free range system. Calculate stocking density (not exceeding 1000 birds per hectare).

Q/A on system selection factors (land, topography, labor, capital, security, market, knowledge). Discussion on free range requirements - land size, fencing, runs, movable houses. Practical calculation of land needs (100 birds need 0.4 hectare). Cost-benefit analysis comparing with other systems. Problem-solving free range management challenges.

Free range system charts, Measuring tape, Calculators, Fencing materials samples, Land calculation worksheets, Cost comparison sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 12-15

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Fold system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe fold system. State merits and demerits of fold systems. Design fold specifications (3.5m long, 1.5m wide, 1.5m high). Calculate number of birds per fold (10-15 hens per fold).

Q/A and discussion on fold system principles and portability. Practical measurement and design of fold dimensions. Drawing scaled fold designs with roofed and open sections. Calculation exercises for fold numbers needed for given flock size. Discussion on daily movement requirements and labor implications. Problem-solving fold construction and management issues.

Fold design materials, Wire mesh samples, Measuring tools, Construction planning sheets, Calculators, Model building materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 15-16

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Deep litter system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for deep litter system. State merits and demerits of deep litter systems. Calculate space requirements (1 sq m per 2-3 birds). Plan litter management and house specifications.

Q/A and discussion on deep litter system requirements. Practical demonstration of litter preparation (15-30cm deep) using sawdust, wood shavings. Calculation of space allocation and bird density. Design of house layout with proper ventilation (60-90cm opening above ground). Problem-solving litter management challenges including moisture control and turning.

Deep litter materials (sawdust, wood shavings, crushed maize cobs), House design materials, Calculators, Ventilation planning guides, Moisture control charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 16-18

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Battery cage system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for battery cage system. Calculate cage specifications and arrangements. Compare battery system with other systems. Design cage layout with proper spacing (0.2 square meter per bird).

Q/A and discussion on battery cage principles and intensive management. Practical measurement and design of cage dimensions (45cm wide, 45cm high, 57.5cm deep). Calculation exercises for tier arrangements (3-6 tiers) and bird capacity. Drawing scaled cage arrangements with feeding and watering systems. Cost analysis comparing initial investment with returns. Problem-solving cage management and mechanization issues.

Battery cage models, Wire mesh samples, Measuring equipment, Calculators, Cage design worksheets, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 18-19

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Factors affecting egg production - Stress

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State causes of stress in birds. Outline stress management practices. Identify effects of stress on egg production. Plan stress reduction strategies for poultry farms.

Discussion on stress causes (sudden changes, strangers, handling, noise, weather, diseases, lack of feed/water). Practical identification of stress symptoms in birds. Problem-solving stress management scenarios. Group work on creating stress-free environments. Planning daily routines to minimize stress. Development of emergency procedures for stress situations.

Stress identification charts, Case study materials, Management planning sheets, Emergency procedure guides, Poultry behavior observation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 19-20

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Vices in poultry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify causes of vices such as egg eating and cannibalism. Explain measures taken to control vices. Demonstrate debeaking procedures. Plan vice prevention programs.

Discussion on causes and control of egg eating (broken eggs, bright lights, idleness, inadequate nests, mineral deficiency). Analysis of cannibalism causes (parasites, overcrowding, bright light, prolapse, mineral deficiency, new birds). Demonstration of debeaking procedures using models. Problem-solving vice prevention strategies. Creating management plans to eliminate vice-causing conditions.

Charts showing poultry vices and symptoms, Debeaking equipment models, Vice prevention planning sheets, Case study examples, Control measure guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 20-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Culling birds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term culling. Give reasons for culling of birds. Identify characteristics of good and poor layers. Demonstrate proper culling procedures and record keeping.

Brain storming on culling importance and economic benefits. Practical observation and identification of characteristics of good layers vs poor layers. Discussion on culling criteria (production records, physical examination, behavior). Record keeping for culling decisions and flock improvement. Problem-solving culling schedules and replacement planning. Cost-benefit analysis of culling programs.

Live birds for observation (if available), Culling record sheets, Production record examples, Culling criteria charts, Cost-benefit calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Marketing eggs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered in sorting and grading eggs for fresh markets. Explain egg packing procedures with broad end upward. Calculate marketing costs, profits and pricing strategies.

Teacher's demonstrations on egg sorting by cleanliness, size (small, medium, large), and candling quality. Practical exercise in egg classification and grading. Hands-on egg packing using proper techniques (30 eggs per tray, 10 trays per box). Discussion on marketing channels and pricing strategies. Cost-benefit calculations including transport and packaging costs. Problem-solving marketing challenges and seasonal price variations.

Eggs of various sizes and quality, Egg trays (30-egg capacity), Egg boxes, Grading equipment, Calculators, Market price analysis sheets, Packaging cost worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-23

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Processing chicken meat
Raising of the young stock - Colostrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of killing a bird (neck dislocation, sharp knife). Describe dressing of a bird's carcass. Explain proper slaughtering procedures with 12-hour starvation. Demonstrate packaging for market sale.

Topic review and teacher's demonstrations of humane killing methods. Practical demonstration of neck dislocation and knife cutting techniques using models. Step-by-step carcass dressing procedures (plucking, singeing, removing neck and crop, organ removal). Discussion on food safety, hygiene standards, and packaging in polythene bags. Problem-solving processing challenges and quality control. Cost calculation for processing operations and profit margins.

Demonstration models, Processing equipment models, Sharp knives (demonstration only), Safety and hygiene materials, Packaging materials, Processing cost calculation sheets
Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 23-25

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Methods of calf rearing
Weaning of calves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of natural and artificial methods of calf rearing. Demonstrate bucket feeding training procedures.

Q/A comparing natural vs artificial calf rearing methods. Practical demonstration of bucket feeding training procedure. Cost-benefit analysis and problem-solving for method selection.

Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets
Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-24

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Calf housing and replacement stock
Routine management practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of calf pens. Outline requirements for calf pens. Describe management of replacement stock.

Exposition on calf pen types and requirements. Practical design exercises for housing layouts. Discussion on replacement stock feeding and management. Planning comprehensive housing and feeding programs.

Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets
Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 26-27

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Factors affecting milk composition
Milk secretion and let-down

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight factors affecting milk composition. Analyze breed differences in milk composition.

Brain storming on composition factors. Study of milk composition tables (Tables 2.3 & 2.4). Analysis of breed differences and problem-solving quality improvement strategies.

Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets
Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 28-30

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Clean milk production
Milking materials and equipment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of clean milk. Outline essentials of clean milk production.

Q/A on clean milk characteristics. Detailed exposition on production essentials: healthy herd, clean cows, clean milkman, clean facilities, clean utensils. Planning comprehensive quality programs.

Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts
Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 32-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking procedure and technique

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out milking using correct procedure and technique. Outline rules observed when milking.

Practical demonstration of proper hand milking technique. Discussion on milking rules and timing. Post-milking practices including weighing, recording, and cleaning.

Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 36-37

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of dry cow therapy. Name various milk products. Describe basic processing methods.

Explanations on dry cow therapy procedures and importance. Discussion on milk products and value addition. Economic analysis of processing vs fresh milk sales.

Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 37-38

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dairy enterprise planning
Record keeping and management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plan complete dairy enterprise operations. Calculate costs and returns for dairy systems.

Integrated planning covering calf rearing, housing, feeding, health, and marketing. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Development of dairy business plans.

Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators
Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40