Map Work

Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe physical features on topographical maps
Identify and describe human activities on topographical maps
Outline precautions observed when describing physical features and human activities
Use appropriate phrases when reading maps

Q/A session reviewing maps and mapwork from Forms 1 and 2; Exposition of precautions when describing physical and human features; Discussion on appropriate and inappropriate phrases; Practice using correct directional terms instead of "left", "right", "top", "bottom"

Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 11-13

Map Work

Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief
Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify landforms using contours, conventional signs and names
Describe dissected relief using crooked and irregular contours
Identify rolling landform characteristics
Interpret relief patterns from topographical maps

Study the map before looking at the key; Exposition of dissected relief characteristics; Analysis of Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2; Practice identifying crooked contours and undulating relief; Guided interpretation of landform patterns

Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper
Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 12-14

Map Work

Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms
Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms
Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features
Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities
Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify all drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel
Suggest geological conditions for each drainage pattern
Recognize lakes, swamps, waterfalls and artificial hydrographic features
Use water features to interpret climate and geological conditions

Detailed discussion of all drainage patterns using Figures 2.15-2.21; Analysis of tributary junction angles and geological implications; Study of Figure 2.22 showing artificial features; Practice identifying patterns and making geological interpretations

Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples
Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart
Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 22-25

Map Work

Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction
Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify nucleated, linear and dispersed settlement patterns
Distinguish between site and position of settlements
Enlarge maps using squares method and determine new dimensions
Reduce maps following same procedures with appropriate scale changes

Analysis of settlement patterns using Figures 2.25(b)-(d); Discussion of settlement site vs position concepts; Demonstration of enlargement procedures using Table 2.1 and Figures 2.26(a), (b); Practice calculating new frame sizes and plotting features accurately

Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice
Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 29-34

Map Work
OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS
OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS
OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS
OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility
Distinction Between Oceans and Seas
Nature of Ocean Water - Salinity and Temperature
Nature of Ocean Water - Ocean Life and Topography
Islands and Ocean Pollution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate vertical exaggeration as ratio of horizontal to vertical scale
Determine appropriate exaggeration using relief amplitude guidelines
Calculate gradient using normal and trigonometric ratios
Determine intervisibility by drawing cross-sections and calculating gradients

Exposition of vertical exaggeration calculation using Table 2.2 guidelines; Demonstration of gradient calculation using Figure 2.30 with both methods; Analysis of intervisibility using Figure 2.31; Practice calculating line of sight and identifying dead ground areas

Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables
Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, thermometer for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 36-39

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Water Movement - Vertical Movement
Water Movement - Ocean Currents
Major Ocean Currents
Tides - Formation and Causes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain vertical water movement through upwelling and downwelling. Describe causes: density differences and converging currents. Analyze significance for marine life and fishing.

Discussion of density differences in ocean water. Simple demonstration using warm and cold water in containers. Analysis of upwelling areas and fishing grounds.

Containers, warm and cold water, chalkboard, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, globe, world map, exercise books
World map, atlas, chalkboard, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, stones for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 120-122

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Tides
Wave Formation and Types
Wave Erosion Processes and Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between perigean, apogean, spring, and neap tides. Explain semi-diurnal, mixed, and diurnal tide patterns. Describe tidal significance for coastal activities.

Drawing different tide type diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of tidal patterns with examples. Students create tidal cycle charts in notebooks.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 127-128

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition
Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features
Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bar formation: bay bars and offshore bars. Describe tombolo, cuspate foreland, mudflats, salt marshes, and dune belts formation.

Drawing different bar formation types on chalkboard. Discussion of lagoon formation behind bars. Students sketch various depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 137-139

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland
Emerged Coasts
Coral Coasts and Reef Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain submerged coast formation through base level changes. Describe rias, fjords, and Dalmatian coasts in highland areas. Identify fjards in lowland submergence.

Drawing submerged coast formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of East African rias (Kilindini, Lamu). Students analyze submergence causes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 140-142

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coral Reefs
Coral Reef Formation Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Explain formation processes and characteristics of each reef type. Give examples from East Africa and globally.

Drawing coral reef formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of Great Barrier Reef and local examples. Students sketch reef formation sequences.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 144-146

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance
Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features
Unit Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean significance for climate modification, fishing, transport, and mineral extraction. Describe HEP generation from tides and tourism benefits.

Discussion of ocean economic activities and benefits. Analysis of global fishing grounds and shipping routes. Students list ocean economic uses.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya
Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 148-149

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Definition of Terms and Types of Deserts
Wind Erosion Processes
Wind Erosion Features - Small Scale
Wind Erosion Features - Large Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define arid lands and aridity as areas receiving less than 250mm annual rainfall. Classify deserts: hot continental interior, coastal, mid-latitude, and ice/snow deserts. Identify examples globally and in Kenya (ASAL areas, Chalbi, Kaisut, Karoli).

Q/A to review climate and aridity concepts from Form 2. Discussion of world desert distribution using atlas. Students list desert types and examples in exercise books.

Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books
Sand, small container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, small stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 151-152

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Transportation and Deposition
Sand Dunes - Barchans and Seif Dunes
Other Dune Types, Draas, and Loess
Water Action in Arid Areas - Wadis and Inselbergs
Pediments, Pediplains, and Plateau Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind transportation methods: suspension, saltation, surface creep. Describe factors influencing transportation: wind speed, load nature, obstacles, particle state. Explain deposition conditions.

Demonstration of particle movement using sand and fan/breath. Discussion of transportation distances for different particle sizes. Students create transportation process diagrams.

Sand, fan or strong breath, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Sand, small obstacles, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 156-157

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Water Deposition Features and Dry Valleys
Significance of Arid Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe alluvial fan and bajada formation at upland feet. Explain playa and salina development in basins. Identify dry river valleys (laghs/lagas) common in northern Kenya counties.

Discussion of seasonal water flow and deposition patterns. Analysis of Kenya's northern dry valleys with county examples. Students map regional examples of water features.

Maps of Kenya, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 163-164

Glaciation

Definition of Terms
Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses
Icebergs and Ice Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define glaciation, ice, snow, snowline, firn, neve fields. Distinguish between permanent and temporary snowlines. Explain glacier formation conditions.

Q/A to review ice formation concepts. Exposition on glaciation definition and related terminology. Discussion on snowline variations with latitude and altitude. Explanation of firn formation through compaction processes. Discussion on glacier formation conditions and avalanche effects.

Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials
Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts
World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 180-182

Glaciation

Processes of Glaciation
Glacial Features and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs
Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

AGRICULTURE

Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate
Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors
Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define agriculture as growing crops and rearing livestock for human needs; Identify factors influencing agriculture; Explain scope of agricultural activities

Q/A on local farming; Discussion on agriculture definition; List agricultural activities; Introduction to influencing factors

Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers
Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts
Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 232-233

AGRICULTURE

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture
Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe intensive subsistence in Monsoon Asia; Explain wet padi cultivation; Define plantation agriculture; Identify plantation crops

Study oriental agriculture; Analyze farm sizes and cropping; Study of plantation areas; Discuss foreign ownership

Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts
Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 244-248

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming
Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana
Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams
Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts
Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Wheat Growing and Horticulture
Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify wheat areas and conditions; Compare with Canada's advantages; Define horticulture; Identify horticultural areas

Study Figure 13.20 wheat areas; Analyze Canadian Prairie advantages; Discuss horticultural companies; Export market analysis

Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts
Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 283-299

AGRICULTURE
STATISTICAL METHODS
STATISTICAL METHODS
STATISTICAL METHODS

Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork
Introduction and Age-Sex Pyramids Concept
Analysis and Interpretation
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare traditional and commercial beef farming; Describe Argentina's Pampas system; Plan agricultural fieldwork

Analyze KMC operations; Study Argentine estancias; Discuss Kaputiei Scheme; Practice fieldwork planning

Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets
Sample age-sex pyramids; Kenya census data; Charts showing graph types; Textbook examples
Kenya and developed country pyramid examples; Comparison charts; Statistical data; Population analysis worksheets
Advantage/disadvantage charts; Planning scenario examples; Case study materials; Review worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 313-327

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction, Concepts and Construction Factors
Practical Construction and Location Techniques
Introduction, Definition and Construction Steps
Shading Techniques and Practical Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define dot maps and distribution maps; Explain dot value, size and location principles; Calculate appropriate dot values; Apply factors for effective dot mapping

Introduction to dot mapping concepts and quantitative symbols; Explanation of three key factors: dot value, size, location; Practical calculation of dot values using livestock data; Discussion on avoiding overcrowding and sparse distribution

Sample dot maps; Livestock data tables; Calculators; Various sized dots; Dotting pens
Base maps; Dotting pens; Relief maps; Settlement maps; Bungoma livestock data; Practice materials
Sample choropleth maps; Calculators; Area data; Classification examples; Density calculation worksheets
Shading materials; Pattern examples; Region A data; Base maps; Rulers; Final presentation materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 8-11

STATISTICAL METHODS
LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION
LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION
LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Analysis, Comparison and Comprehensive Review
Introduction and Irrigation Schemes Overview
Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme - Location and Development
Mwea-Tebere Scheme - Management and Cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret choropleth map patterns; Compare all three statistical methods; Select appropriate methods for different data types; Demonstrate mastery through practical application

Analysis of completed choropleth maps; Comprehensive comparison of age-sex pyramids, dot maps, and choropleth maps; Method selection scenarios; Final assessment and practical application exercise

Completed maps; Comparison charts; Various data sets; Assessment materials; Method selection guides
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Notebook; Pen/pencil
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil; Ruler
Chalkboard; Textbook; Calculator; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-19

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Benefits, Problems and Perkerra Scheme
Significance and Problems of Irrigation in Kenya
Methods - Drainage, Irrigation Types and Pest Control
Afforestation, Soil Conservation and ASAL Management
Kenya Case Studies - Lambwe Valley and Swamp Drainage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify benefits and success factors of Mwea; Analyze major problems facing the scheme; Compare with Perkerra irrigation scheme; Evaluate location factors and challenges

Analysis of seven major benefits and success factors; Study of 11 problems including diseases, pests, and management issues; Examination of Perkerra location in Baringo County; Discussion on contract farming and Kenya Seed Company role

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map
Chalkboard; Textbook; Water bucket; Small stones; Exercise book
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Tree seedlings; Exercise book
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 18-22

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Netherlands Land Reclamation - Introduction and Methods
Zuyder Zee and Delta Plan Projects
Comparison and Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Netherlands geography and reclamation history; Explain the concept of polders; Analyze three main reclamation methods; Understand polder construction process

Study of Netherlands' land below sea level; Historical analysis from 13th century to modern methods; Examination of sea/marsh/lake reclamation; Step-by-step analysis of polder construction with ring canals and dykes

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya and world maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-40

FISHING

Introduction and Factors Influencing Fishing - Plankton and Ocean Currents
Factors Influencing Fishing - Coastline, Capital, Technology and Market
Major World Fishing Grounds - Atlantic Ocean
Major World Fishing Grounds - Pacific Ocean and Comparison
Fishing Grounds in Africa - Marine and Inland Fisheries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define fishing, fisheries, and fish farming; Explain the presence of plankton and its importance; Analyze the influence of ocean currents on fish distribution; Describe the relationship between water temperature and fish populations

Q/A on previous knowledge of water bodies and fish; Teacher explanation of fishing concepts and terminology; Study of plankton types (zoo and phyto-plankton); Analysis of ocean current effects using Africa map; Discussion on water depth limitations (180m) and temperature effects (24°C)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya and Africa maps; Exercise book; Pen/pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; World map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 31-33

FISHING

Types and Methods of Fishing
Traditional Fishing Methods
Modern Fishing Methods
Fisheries in East Africa - Kenya Marine and Inland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between four main types of fishing; Explain pelagic and demersal fishing characteristics; Describe inshore and freshwater fishing; Compare traditional and modern fishing methods

Study of pelagic fishing (surface fish in shoals); Analysis of demersal fishing (bottom fish, large size); Examination of inshore fishing (coastal, subsistence); Discussion on freshwater fishing in various water bodies; Introduction to traditional vs modern methods

Chalkboard; Textbook; Fishing net sample; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Textbook; Basket sample; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Small rope sample
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 42-44

FISHING

Fish Farming in Kenya and Fishing in Tanzania/Uganda
Significance and Problems of Fishing Industry in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fish farming establishment and management; Describe fish pond construction and fish feeding; Compare fishing in Tanzania and Uganda; Analyze East African fishing patterns

Study of fish pond construction on impervious soils; Analysis of fingerling sources and fish feeding methods; Examination of tilapia, trout, and mudfish farming; Comparison of Tanzania's Lake Victoria and Tanganyika fishing; Study of Uganda's landlocked fishing advantages

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 53-56

FISHING
ENERGY
ENERGY

Fishing in Japan - Factors and Development
Management and Conservation of Fisheries
Definition and Types of Energy Sources
Renewable Energy Sources - Solar, Wind, Tidal and Wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors making Japan a leading fishing nation; Analyze Japan's fishing advantages; Describe Japanese fishing technology and methods; Compare Japanese and Kenyan fishing

Study of Japan's rugged terrain and island nature; Analysis of extensive continental shelf and current convergence; Examination of advanced technology and ship building; Discussion on lucrative markets and large population; Comparison of similarities and differences with Kenya

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen/pencil; Sample solar panel if available
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map; Wind direction indicator if available

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 60-64

ENERGY

Renewable Energy Sources - Hydro, Geothermal and Biomass
Non-renewable Energy Sources
Hydro-Electric Power Stations in Kenya
HEP Projects in Uganda and Africa
Significance of Energy and Energy Crisis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain hydro power development and significance; Describe geothermal energy sources and locations; Analyze biomass energy production and uses; Evaluate the role of these sources in Kenya's energy mix

Study of hydro power evolution from waterfalls to dams; Analysis of geothermal energy in Rift Valley areas; Examination of biomass conversion processes and ethanol production; Discussion on charcoal production and fuel wood significance; Study of draught animals as energy sources

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map; Charcoal sample
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy consumption tables
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; HEP station photos if available
Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Comparative charts
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Calculator; Economic impact charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 91-95

ENERGY
INDUSTRY

Management and Conservation of Energy
Introduction and Factors Influencing Industrial Location

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain energy management and conservation strategies; Analyze government measures to reduce oil dependence; Evaluate alternative energy solutions; Suggest practical conservation methods

Study of energy management definition and conservation principles; Analysis of government strategies: limiting oil usage, consumer pricing, taxation policies; Examination of alternative energy promotion: solar power, windmills, biogas, coal importation; Discussion on practical conservation: energy-saving devices, public transport, proper maintenance

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy-saving bulb if available; Conservation posters
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 106-108

INDUSTRY

Factors Influencing Industrial Location
Types of Industries - Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Classification and Distribution of Industries in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role of transport, communication, electricity and water in industrial location. Describe government policies affecting industrial location. Define industrial inertia. Give examples of personal factors in industrial location.

Teacher exposition on infrastructure factors. Case study of Thika's industrial growth. Discussion on government policies and EPZs. Analysis of industrial inertia and personal decision factors.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 110-113

INDUSTRY

Distribution of Industries in Kenya (continued)
Manufacturing Industries and Cottage Industries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe meat processing and non-food agricultural industries. Explain cotton, sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing. Account for timber and paper processing. Identify non-agricultural manufacturing industries.

Teacher explains meat processing and agricultural non-food industries. Discussion on cotton processing from ginneries to textiles. Analysis of sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing locations. Study of timber and paper processing industries.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 123-125

INDUSTRY

Jua Kali Industries and Significance of Industrialisation
Significance of Industrialisation (continued) and Problems
Problems of Industrialisation and Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Jua Kali industries and their characteristics. Describe government support for informal sector. Outline the significance of industrialisation to Kenya. Explain employment creation and income generation.

Discussion on Jua Kali industries and government support. Analysis of industrialisation significance including employment and income generation. Study of infrastructure development and foreign exchange benefits. Examination of balance of trade improvements.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 128-133

INDUSTRY

Cottage Industry in India
Cottage Industry in India (continued) and Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cottage industry development in India. Identify types and characteristics of Indian cottage industries. Describe factors favouring cottage industry development. Account for the significance of cottage industry to Indian economy.

Teacher explains Indian cottage industry development and types. Discussion on characteristics and major centres. Analysis of development factors including cheap labour and local materials. Study of significance to Indian economy.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 142-144

INDUSTRY

Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region of Germany
Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region and Car Manufacturing in Japan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate the Ruhr Industrial Region and explain its importance. Describe factors favouring iron and steel industry development. Explain availability of raw materials (coal, iron ore, limestone). Account for geographical position and transport advantages.

Map work locating Ruhr Region and transport routes. Teacher explains factors favouring iron and steel industry. Discussion on raw materials availability and sources. Analysis of geographical position and transport advantages via rivers and canals.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 146-148

INDUSTRY
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

Car Manufacturing and Electronics Industry in Japan
Definition of Settlement and Types
Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Geographical Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors favouring car and electronics industries in Japan. Identify major industrial zones and car models. Describe significance of car and electronics industries to Japanese economy. Compare Japanese industrial development with other countries studied.

Analysis of factors favouring Japanese car and electronics industries. Discussion on major industrial zones and car models produced. Study of economic significance including foreign exchange and employment. Comparison of industrial development across Japan, Germany and India.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 153-156

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Economic and Other Factors
Settlement Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain economic factors influencing settlement patterns. Describe the role of defence and security in settlement location. Account for government planning effects on settlement. Analyze cultural practices and historical factors.

Analysis of economic activities affecting settlement including nomadic pastoralism and arable farming. Discussion on defence considerations and historical hill settlements. Study of government settlement schemes and planning policies. Examination of cultural practices and tribal sentiments affecting distribution.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 202-204

SETTLEMENT

Distribution of Major Urban Centres in East Africa
Factors Influencing Growth of Major Urban Centres in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify categories of urban centres in East Africa. Locate capital cities, sea ports and lake ports. Describe mining towns, industrial towns and collecting towns. Account for gap towns and administrative towns.

Map work identifying major urban centres across East Africa. Discussion on capital cities: Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Kampala. Study of sea ports and lake ports with their functions. Analysis of different town categories with specific examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 206-208

SETTLEMENT

Case Studies - Thika as Industrial Centre and Kisumu as Lake Port
Case Study - Eldoret as Agricultural Collecting Centre
Nairobi City Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Thika's location and industrial development. Explain factors favouring Thika's growth as industrial centre. Account for Kisumu's development as major lake port. Analyze factors contributing to Kisumu's growth and importance.

Study of Thika's strategic location and major industries. Analysis of factors including road network, proximity to Nairobi, and water supply. Discussion on Kisumu's history from Port Florence to major lake port. Examination of Kisumu's advantages including strategic location and population density.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 210-213

SETTLEMENT

Problems Facing Nairobi and New York City Comparison
Mombasa Port Development and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major problems facing Nairobi City. Describe New York City's location and development factors. Compare growth factors between Nairobi and New York. Analyze similarities and differences between the two cities.

Analysis of Nairobi's problems including unemployment, housing, pollution and traffic congestion. Study of New York's location on islands and historical development. Discussion on New York's advantages as international centre and transport hub. Comparison of similarities and differences between both cities.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 217-221

SETTLEMENT

Rotterdam Port and Comparison with Mombasa
Effects of Urbanisation - Social and Economic Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rotterdam's location and development history. Explain factors leading to Rotterdam's growth as world's busiest port. Account for modern facilities and extensive hinterland. Compare similarities and differences between Mombasa and Rotterdam ports.

Study of Rotterdam's location at river mouths and historical challenges. Analysis of New Waterway canal construction and Europoort development. Discussion on strategic location and modern cargo handling facilities. Comparison of both ports' hinterlands, facilities and functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 224-227

SETTLEMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Effects of Urbanisation and Solutions
Introduction to Environment, Management and Conservation
The Need for Environmental Management and Conservation
Environmental Hazards: Natural Disasters
Environmental Hazards: Drought, Fires and Other Hazards
Floods: Causes, Effects and Control Measures
Lightning, Windstorms, Pests and Diseases
Pollution: Types, Causes and Control Measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe mental health disorders and housing problems in cities. Explain juvenile delinquency and urban sprawl issues. Suggest solutions to urbanisation problems. Evaluate effectiveness of proposed solutions.

Analysis of stress-related mental health problems in urban areas. Discussion on housing shortage leading to slum development. Study of youth problems and criminal activities. Examination of urban sprawl affecting agricultural land. Students suggest practical solutions to urbanisation challenges.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Charts showing ecosystem components, Pictures of local environment, Newspaper cuttings on environmental issues
Maps showing conservation areas in Kenya, Photos of endangered species, Economic data charts
World maps showing disaster-prone areas, Photos/videos of natural disasters, Richter Scale charts, News reports on recent disasters
Maps of drought-prone areas in Africa, Photos of desertification, Newspaper reports on industrial accidents, Charts showing oil spill effects
Maps of flood-prone areas in Kenya, Photos of flood damage, Diagrams of flood control structures, Case study materials
Diagrams of lightning formation, Photos of lightning arresters, Maps showing tsetse fly distribution, Health campaign materials, Charts on pest control methods
Photos of polluted environments, Charts showing pollution sources, Water quality test kits, Sound level meters (if available), Government policy documents

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 230-232