Hygiene Practices

Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Hygiene practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of hygiene in rearing domestic animals
- Identify hygiene practices in rearing domestic animals
- Appreciate the need for hygiene in animal rearing

- Search for information on hygienic practices in rearing domestic animals (clean feeders and waterers, clean animal housing, clean animals)
- Discuss findings and write short notes
- Present findings to classmates

How can we maintain hygiene while rearing animals?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 53
- Digital resources
- Print media
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Hygiene Practices

Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Items for maintaining hygiene
Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Field visit
Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Cleaning animal feeders and waterers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify items used in rearing domestic animals
- Explain how to maintain hygiene of these items
- Value cleanliness in animal rearing

- Study pictures showing items used in rearing domestic animals
- Identify the items shown in the pictures
- Discuss how the items should be kept hygienic
- Share ideas with classmates

What items should be kept hygienic when rearing domestic animals?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 54
- Pictures showing animal rearing items
- Digital resources
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 55
- Exercise book and pen
- Protective equipment
- Digital camera
- Clean water
- Brush
- Soap
- Dirty animal feeders and waterers

- Observation - Oral questions - Picture identification

Hygiene Practices

Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Cleaning animal houses
Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Cleaning animals
Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Importance of hygiene in animal rearing
Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Pest and disease control
Hygiene in Rearing Animals - Review of animal hygiene

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate cleaning of animal houses
- Apply appropriate cleaning techniques
- Value cleanliness in animal rearing

- Identify common pests affecting domestic animals
- Explain how to control pests and diseases through hygiene
- Value preventive measures in animal health

- Wear protective equipment and visit animal houses
- Remove animal waste and old bedding
- Sweep the floor and wash with soapy water if appropriate
- Scrub walls and other surfaces to remove dirt
- Rinse with clean water and allow to dry
- Replace with clean bedding if necessary
- Discuss common pests affecting domestic animals
- Explain how hygiene helps control pests and diseases
- Discuss safe use of pest control products
- Demonstrate application of acaricides with adult guidance
- Create a pest control schedule for domestic animals

How do we clean animal houses to maintain hygiene?
How does hygiene help control pests and diseases in animals?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 56
- Broom
- Scrubbing brush
- Soap
- Clean water
- Protective equipment
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 57
- Brushes
- Cleaning materials
- Flashcards
- Chart paper
- Markers
- Digital resources
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 58
- Pictures of common animal pests
- Chart showing pest control methods
- Protective equipment
- Assessment sheets
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Hygiene Practices

Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - How to launder loose-coloured articles
Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - Sorting in laundry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of laundry and loose-coloured articles
- Describe ways of laundering loose-coloured articles
- Appreciate the importance of proper laundering

- Search for information about laundering loose-coloured articles (sorting, washing by kneading and squeezing, drying, finishing)
- Discuss findings and write short notes
- Share findings with classmates

How do you launder a loose coloured article for hygienic purposes?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 59
- Digital resources
- Print media
- Reference materials
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 60
- Different garment articles
- Laundry baskets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Hygiene Practices

Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - Washing loose-coloured articles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate washing loose-coloured articles by kneading and squeezing
- Follow correct washing procedures
- Work responsibly with laundry equipment

- Sort garment articles according to factors such as brightness, loose color, and fast color
- Put water in a basin and mix with two spoons of salt
- Apply soap on the article and wash by kneading and squeezing until clean
- Rinse the article in clean water
- Turn the rinsed article inside out

How do we wash loose-coloured articles to prevent color loss?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 61
- Dirty loose-coloured articles
- Clean water
- Soap
- Salt
- Basins

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation

Hygiene Practices

Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - Drying loose-coloured articles
Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - Finishing loose-coloured items
Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - Storing laundered articles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate drying of loose-coloured articles
- Apply appropriate drying techniques
- Value proper drying for garment care

- Demonstrate proper storage of laundered articles
- Apply appropriate storage techniques
- Appreciate proper clothing care

- Hang the washed loose-coloured article to dry on a clothesline
- Fix the article with pegs
- Ensure the article is hung inside out to prevent fading
- Collect the article after it has completely dried
- Show the dried article to classmates
- Discuss different ways of storing laundered articles
- Demonstrate folding techniques for different types of clothing
- Organize folded clothes in storage spaces
- Explain the importance of proper storage for clothing maintenance
- Share ideas with classmates

How do we dry loose-coloured articles to maintain their color?
How do we store laundered articles to maintain their quality?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 61
- Washed loose-coloured articles
- Clothesline
- Pegs
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 62
- Dry loose-coloured articles
- Iron box
- Storage space (box or wardrobe)
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 62
- Laundered articles
- Storage containers
- Hangers
- Wardrobe or storage box

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation
- Observation - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Hygiene Practices

Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - Laundry products for different fabrics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify laundry products for different fabrics
- Explain when to use specific laundry products
- Make informed choices about laundry products

- Discuss different laundry products (detergents, fabric softeners, stain removers)
- Explain which products are suitable for different types of fabrics
- Discuss eco-friendly laundry products
- Create a chart showing fabrics and suitable laundry products
- Share charts with classmates

What laundry products are suitable for different fabrics?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 63
- Samples of laundry products
- Chart paper
- Markers
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Chart assessment

Hygiene Practices
Production Techniques
Production Techniques

Laundry: Loose Coloured Items - Review of laundering loose-coloured articles
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Basic knitting stitches
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Identifying knit and purl stitches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize the process of laundering loose-coloured articles
- Explain the importance of proper laundering
- Show commitment to clothing hygiene

- Review the entire process of laundering loose-coloured articles
- Discuss the importance of proper laundering for clothing care and hygiene
- Complete an assessment on laundering loose-coloured articles
- Share assessments with classmates

Why is it important to properly launder loose-coloured articles?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 63
- Assessment sheets
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 64
- Print media
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 65
- Pictures showing knitting stitches
- Knitted garments
- Digital camera

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assessment

Production Techniques

Sewing Skills: Knitting - Casting on
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Making a knit stitch
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Making a purl stitch
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Continuing knitting rows
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Understanding patterns
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Identifying household knitted articles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate casting on in knitting
- Follow correct casting on procedures
- Work carefully with knitting equipment

- Demonstrate continuing knitting rows
- Alternate between knit and purl stitches
- Show persistence in knitting

- Make a slip knot by tying yarn around one needle
- Create loops on the needle by pulling the other needle through the knot to make an X
- Wrap working yarn around the back of the needle and through the X
- Pull needle back through the stitch and make a loop
- Repeat to make several loops
- Describe and show classmates how to cast on
- Continue knitting by transferring stitches between needles
- Create alternating rows of knit and purl stitches
- Maintain consistent tension in stitches
- Demonstrate how to rotate work and start a new row
- Show progress to classmates

How do we start the knitting process by casting on?
How do we continue knitting by creating multiple rows?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 65
- Two knitting needles
- Yarn
- Scissors
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 66
- Cast on stitches made previously
- Knitting needles
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 67
- Knit stitches made previously
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 68
- Knitting in progress from previous lessons
- Knitting needles
- Yarn
- Sample knitting patterns
- Reference materials
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 69
- Pictures showing knitted articles
- Actual knitted household items
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation

Production Techniques

Sewing Skills: Knitting - Making a household article
Sewing Skills: Knitting - Finishing a knitted article

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate making a household article using knitting
- Apply knit and purl stitches in making an article
- Value creating useful items

- Cast on to make loops the length of the article to be knitted
- Make a knit stitch on the cast-on loops
- Make a purl stitch at the end of the knit stitch
- Knit the article to the end by alternating knit and purl stitches

How do we make a useful household article using knitting?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 69
- Two knitting needles
- Yarn
- Scissors
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 70
- Knitted article in progress
- Knitting needles

- Observation - Practical assessment - Product evaluation

Production Techniques

Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Description of framed suspended gardens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain what a framed suspended garden is
- Identify benefits of framed suspended gardens
- Appreciate space-saving gardening techniques

- Discuss the meaning of a framed suspended garden
- Explain the importance of framed suspended gardens for saving space
- Study pictures showing different types of framed suspended gardens
- Share ideas with classmates

How are framed suspended gardens constructed?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 72
- Pictures of framed suspended gardens
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Production Techniques

Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Types of framed suspended gardens
Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Planning a framed suspended garden
Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Constructing the frame

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of framed suspended gardens
- Describe the construction of different garden types
- Show interest in innovative gardening

- Demonstrate constructing a frame for suspended garden
- Use tools safely and correctly
- Show resourcefulness in using available materials

- Study pictures showing different types of framed suspended gardens
- Describe how the gardens in the pictures are constructed
- Discuss materials used to construct the framed suspended gardens
- Share ideas with classmates
- Get locally available materials for making a framed suspended garden
- Identify a site for constructing the garden
- Make a framework using poles, nails, and hammer or metal bars
- Ensure the frame is strong and stable
- Observe safety precautions throughout

What materials are used to construct framed suspended gardens?
How do we construct a strong frame for a suspended garden?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 73
- Pictures of framed suspended gardens
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Drawing materials
- Chart paper
- Sample materials
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 74
- Locally available materials (wires, wooden planks, metal bars, poles)
- Tools (hammer, nails)
- Protective equipment

- Observation - Oral questions - Picture identification
- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation

Production Techniques

Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Fixing containers
Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Preparing growing medium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate fixing containers on the frame
- Apply appropriate techniques for container attachment
- Work safely with tools and materials

- Prepare containers for mounting (clean, make drainage holes if needed)
- Fix containers on the framework securely
- Ensure containers are evenly spaced and balanced
- Verify that the structure is stable
- Observe safety precautions throughout

How do we fix containers securely on the frame?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 74
- Containers (plastic bottles, jerrycans, troughs)
- Wires, strings, or ropes
- Tools (scissors, knife, pliers)
- Protective equipment
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 75
- Soil
- Manure/compost
- Mixing containers

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation

Production Techniques

Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Planting in suspended garden

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plant crops in the suspended garden
- Select appropriate crops for suspended gardens
- Demonstrate care for planted crops

- Put the soil-manure mixture in the containers on the framework
- Select appropriate planting materials for suspended gardens
- Plant the materials in the containers
- Water the planted crops
- Discuss maintenance requirements

How do we establish crops in a framed suspended garden?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 75
- Growing medium (soil-manure mixture)
- Planting materials
- Water
- Watering can

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation

Production Techniques

Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Maintenance of suspended garden
Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Benefits of suspended gardens
Constructing Framed Suspended Garden - Review of suspended gardens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to maintain a suspended garden
- Demonstrate maintenance activities
- Show commitment to garden care

- Summarize the process of constructing framed suspended gardens
- Evaluate the success of the garden construction
- Show pride in innovative gardening

- Discuss maintenance requirements (watering, feeding, pruning)
- Demonstrate proper watering techniques for suspended gardens
- Explain monitoring for pests and diseases
- Create a maintenance schedule for the garden
- Share maintenance plans with classmates
- Review the entire process of constructing framed suspended gardens
- Discuss challenges faced and solutions found
- Evaluate the success of the garden construction
- Complete an assessment on suspended gardens
- Share assessments with classmates

How do we maintain a framed suspended garden?
What have we learned about constructing framed suspended gardens?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 76
- Constructed suspended garden
- Water
- Watering can
- Chart paper
- Markers
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 76
- Assessment sheets
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Constructed suspended garden

- Observation - Oral questions - Maintenance plan assessment
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assessment - Self-evaluation

Production Techniques

Adding Value to Crop Produce - Ways of adding value
Adding Value to Crop Produce - Value-added products

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of adding value to crop produce
- Identify ways of adding value to crop produce
- Appreciate the importance of value addition

- Discuss the meaning of adding value to crop produce
- Study pictures showing crop produce
- Discuss methods of adding value to the crop produce shown
- Discuss value-addition methods for local crops
- Share ideas with classmates

Why do we add value to crop produce?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 77
- Pictures of crop produce
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 78
- Pictures of value-added products
- Actual value-added products if available

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Production Techniques

Adding Value to Crop Produce - Field visit

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe value addition in a real setting
- Ask relevant questions about value addition
- Show interest in food processing

- Take a field visit to study methods of adding value to crop produce
- Ask questions to a resource person about methods and importance of value addition
- Take pictures if possible
- Share experiences when back in class

What methods are used commercially for adding value to crop produce?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 79
- Exercise book and pen
- Protective equipment
- Digital camera

- Observation - Oral questions - Written report

Production Techniques

Adding Value to Crop Produce - Value addition through drying
Adding Value to Crop Produce - Value addition by frying
Adding Value to Crop Produce - Value addition of groundnuts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate value addition through drying method
- Follow correct drying procedures
- Work safely with food processing equipment

- Demonstrate value addition by frying method
- Follow correct frying procedures
- Maintain safety when cooking

- Wash and rinse crops like cassava with clean water
- Peel if necessary and slice into thin pieces
- Put the sliced pieces in the sun to dry
- Keep turning the slices to dry evenly
- Collect when completely dried
- Pack in appropriate materials and store in a cool dry place
- Wash and rinse potatoes in clean water
- Peel if necessary and slice into thin round pieces
- Put cooking oil in pan over heat source for deep frying
- Put potato slices in hot oil and add salt to taste
- Keep turning to cook evenly until crispy
- Remove from heat and cool down
- Pack in packaging materials and store

How can we add value to crop produce through drying?
How can we add value to crop produce through frying?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 79
- Raw crop produce (cassava, sweet potato)
- Knife
- Drying rack or tray
- Clean water
- Basins
- Packaging materials
- Protective equipment
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 80
- Raw potatoes
- Knife
- Source of heat
- Wide pan or sufuria
- Cooking oil
- Salt
- Clean water
- Basins
- Packaging materials
- Protective equipment
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 81
- Raw groundnuts
- Sufuria
- Pestle and mortar

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation

Production Techniques

Adding Value to Crop Produce - Marketing value-added products

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to market value-added products
- Identify marketing strategies for value-added products
- Appreciate the economic benefits of value addition

- Discuss different marketing strategies for value-added products
- Create attractive packaging for value-added products
- Calculate potential profit margins for value-added products
- Create a marketing plan for a value-added product
- Share marketing plans with classmates

How can we market value-added crop products?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 82
- Value-added products
- Packaging materials
- Chart paper
- Markers
- Calculator

- Observation - Oral questions - Marketing plan assessment

Production Techniques

Adding Value to Crop Produce - Review of value addition
Making Homemade Soap - Forms of soap

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize methods of adding value to crop produce
- Explain the importance of value addition
- Show commitment to value addition

- Review all methods of adding value to crop produce
- Discuss the importance of value addition for economic benefits and storage
- Complete an assessment on value addition to crop produce
- Share assessments with classmates

Why is value addition important for crop produce?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 83
- Assessment sheets
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Value-added products
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 84
- Pictures of different forms of soap
- Samples of soap if available

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assessment

Production Techniques

Making Homemade Soap - Uses of household soaps
Making Homemade Soap - Natural ingredients for soap
Making Homemade Soap - Field visit

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of different forms of soap
- Match soap forms with appropriate uses
- Value cleanliness and hygiene

- Identify natural ingredients for making soap
- Explain the purpose of each ingredient
- Show interest in natural products

- Study pictures showing uses of homemade soaps
- Discuss the uses shown in the pictures
- Identify the form of soap used in each picture
- Discuss how different forms of soap are used at home
- Share ideas with classmates
- Discuss natural ingredients for making soap (ashes, water, animal fats, plant oils, salt)
- Study pictures showing ingredients for making homemade soap
- Identify the ingredients shown in the pictures
- Discuss how to obtain each ingredient locally
- Share ideas with classmates

What are the uses of different forms of soap?
What natural ingredients can be used for making homemade soap?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 85
- Pictures showing soap uses
- Samples of different soap forms
- Digital resources
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 86
- Pictures of soap ingredients
- Samples of ingredients if available
- Digital resources
- Exercise book and pen
- Protective equipment
- Digital camera

- Observation - Oral questions - Picture identification

Production Techniques

Making Homemade Soap - Making liquid soap

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate making of liquid soap
- Follow correct soap-making procedures
- Work safely with soap ingredients

- Boil water and add grated bar soap until it dissolves
- Add salt and stir until it thickens to the desired consistency
- Allow to cool before adding coloring or fragrance if desired
- Let the soap settle for a few days to develop final consistency
- Work in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhaling fumes

How do we make homemade liquid soap?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 87
- Wood ash
- Table salt
- Animal fat
- Distilled water
- Buckets
- Source of heat
- Utensils for mixing
- Storage containers
- Protective equipment

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation

Production Techniques

Making Homemade Soap - Making bar and powder soap
Making Homemade Soap - Making paste soap
Making Homemade Soap - Review of homemade soap making

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate making of bar and powder soap
- Follow correct soap-making procedures
- Maintain safety throughout the process

- Mix wood ash with distilled water and filter to make lye
- Heat animal fat until melted and strain to remove impurities
- Add lye water to melted fat and stir constantly
- Heat mixture and stir until it thickens
- Pour into molds lined with parchment paper
- Allow to rest, harden, and cure for several weeks
- Grind some pieces into powder for powder soap

How do we make homemade bar and powder soap?

- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 88
- Wood ash
- Table salt
- Animal fat
- Distilled water
- Buckets
- Source of heat
- Utensils for mixing
- Molds
- Grater
- Storage containers
- Protective equipment
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 90
- Bucket
- Highland Agriculture and Nutrition Grade 7 pg. 92
- Assessment sheets
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Homemade soap samples

- Observation - Practical assessment - Group work evaluation