Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Meaning of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of force as a push or pull
- Identify situations where force is applied
- Appreciate the importance of force in day-to-day life

- Brainstorm on the meaning of the term force as used in science
- Move heavy objects in the classroom by pushing and pulling
- Discuss what is happening when people move objects by pushing or pulling
- Use print and non-print media to search for the meaning of the term force

How do we move heavy objects from one point to another?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 111
- Digital media
- Heavy objects for moving

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Types of forces
Force and its Effect - Force of gravity
Force and its Effect - Force of friction
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Change of shape

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of forces in nature
- Demonstrate the existence of force of gravity
- Value the role of gravity in our daily lives

- Use print and non-print media to search for information about types of forces
- Discuss findings with peers
- Throw objects upwards and observe them falling back
- Discuss why objects fall back to the ground

Why do objects fall back to the ground when released from a height?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 113
- Various objects to demonstrate gravity
- Digital resources
- Balls
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 114
- Various objects to demonstrate friction
- Rough and smooth surfaces
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 115
- Paper
- Malleable objects

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Start and stop motion
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Change direction and increase speed
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Hold objects together

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that force can start motion
- Show that force can stop moving objects
- Value the effects of force in daily activities

- Kick a ball towards a friend
- Stop a moving ball with foot
- Discuss what makes the ball move and stop
- Record observations in notebooks

What makes a ball move? What makes a ball stop moving?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 116
- Balls
- Open space for activities
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 117
- Swings
- Hard surfaces
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Pieces of wood
- Nails
- Hammer or carpenter's glue

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstration

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Uses of force in day-to-day life
Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Smoothening surfaces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the uses of force in daily life
- Identify activities that involve use of force
- Appreciate the importance of force in daily activities

- Carry out activities involving pushing or pulling
- Discuss the use of force in wheelbarrows, tug of war, pulling/pushing handcarts
- Search for more information on uses of force using digital media

How is force used in our daily activities?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 122
- Digital resources
- Wheelbarrow
- Pictures showing use of force
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 125
- Sandpaper
- Wood planer
- Smooth and rough surfaces

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Using lubricants
Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Using rollers and ball bearings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how lubricants reduce friction
- Identify situations where lubricants are used
- Appreciate the importance of lubricants in daily activities

- Observe a tailor maintaining a sewing machine
- Discuss why doors make squeaky noises
- Identify machines that require oiling/greasing
- Record observations in notebooks

Why do tailors apply oil to the moving parts of a sewing machine?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 126
- Lubricants (oil, grease)
- Pictures of machines
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 127
- Rollers
- Pictures of ball bearings
- Heavy objects for demonstrations

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Meaning of light

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of light
- Describe the importance of light for seeing
- Appreciate the value of light in our lives

- Darken the classroom by closing windows and curtains
- Try to read what is written on the board in darkness
- Discuss observations and meaning of light
- Compare reading in dark versus well-lit rooms

Can you see clearly in a dark room?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 135
- Classroom with windows/curtains
- Written text on board

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Sources of light: Natural sources
Light - Sources of light: Artificial sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify natural sources of light
- Distinguish between natural and artificial sources of light
- Show interest in learning about light sources

- Search for information about sources of light
- Identify natural sources of light (sun, stars)
- Discuss and record observations
- Share findings with peers

What are the natural sources of light in our environment?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 136
- Digital resources
- Pictures of light sources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 137
- Various artificial light sources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Ways of lighting a house: Using windows
Light - Ways of lighting a house: Translucent roofs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how windows are used to light a house
- Compare well-lit and poorly-lit rooms
- Appreciate the importance of natural lighting

- Observe pictures of well-lit and poorly-lit rooms
- Discuss the importance of windows in lighting
- Compare rooms with large windows versus small windows
- Record observations

Which room is well-lit? Why?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 138
- Pictures of well-lit and poorly-lit rooms
- Classroom with windows
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 140
- Pictures of buildings with translucent roofs
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Ways of lighting a house: Artificial lighting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify artificial ways of lighting a house
- Describe various artificial lighting sources
- Appreciate the importance of proper lighting

- Observe and discuss different artificial lighting methods
- Identify common artificial lighting sources in homes
- Discuss safety measures when using artificial lighting
- Record observations

What are some artificial ways of lighting a house?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 141
- Various artificial light sources
- Pictures of lighting methods

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Ways of lighting a house: Solar lighting
Light - Uses of light: Plants and light

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of solar energy
- Describe how solar energy is used for lighting
- Show interest in alternative energy sources

- Discuss the meaning of solar energy
- Observe pictures of solar panels and solar lamps
- Search for information on how sunlight is converted to electricity
- Record observations

What is the meaning of the term solar?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 142
- Pictures of solar panels
- Digital resources
- Solar powered devices
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 143
- Pictures of plants
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Uses of light: Safety and security
Light - Uses of light: Reading and eye health

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light is used for safety
- Describe the importance of well-lit roads and paths
- Appreciate light's role in security

- Observe pictures of well-lit and dark roads
- Discuss the safety implications for pedestrians and motorists
- Explain how light discourages criminal activities
- Record observations

Would a motorist feel safe while driving on a dark road? Why?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 145
- Pictures of well-lit and dark roads
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 144
- Pictures showing reading in different lighting conditions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Applications of light: Communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how light is used for communication
- Identify various light signals in daily life
- Appreciate the importance of light signals

- Discuss how traffic lights guide motorists and pedestrians
- Identify other light signals used for communication
- Observe pictures of traffic lights and other light signals
- Record observations

How is light used as a form of communication?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 144
- Pictures of traffic lights
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Applications of light: Discouraging pests
Light - Applications of light: Daily activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light discourages pests
- Identify pests that hide in dark places
- Show interest in maintaining well-lit spaces

- Observe pictures of pests that hide in dark places
- Discuss why pests like cockroaches and rats prefer darkness
- Explain how good lighting discourages pest breeding
- Record observations

Where do pests such as rats and cockroaches hide in the house?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Pictures of pests
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 149
- Charts on light applications

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Applications of light: Summary and review
Heat - Meaning of heat

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize the various uses and applications of light
- Explain the importance of light in our lives
- Appreciate light as an essential resource

- Review all sources and applications of light
- Discuss the importance of light for vision and activities
- Complete assessment activities on light
- Share knowledge with peers

How does light affect our daily activities?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 149
- Digital resources
- Assessment worksheets
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 151
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Force and Energy

Heat - Sources of heat: Sun

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the sun as a source of heat
- Describe how solar energy is used as heat
- Appreciate the sun as a natural heat source

- Discuss the sun as a source of heat
- Explain how water can be warmed using sunlight
- Observe pictures of solar cookers
- Record observations

What does a solar cooker use as a source of energy?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 153
- Pictures of solar cookers
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Sources of heat: Fire
Heat - Sources of heat: Gas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fire as a source of heat
- Describe materials used to make fire
- Value environmentally friendly fire sources

- Discuss various materials used to make fire
- Learn about briquettes and other eco-friendly fire sources
- Search for information about briquettes
- Record observations

How is fire made from recycled materials?

Spotlight science  and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 154
- Pictures of fire sources
- Digital resources
- Samples of briquettes
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 155
- Pictures of gas cylinders and cookers
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Sources of heat: Electricity
Heat - Uses of heat: Cooking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electricity as a source of heat
- Describe electric heating appliances
- Value safety when using electrical appliances

- Search for information on electricity as a heat source
- Identify electrical appliances that produce heat
- Discuss safety precautions when using electrical appliances
- Record observations

What precautions should one observe when using electricity as a source of heat?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 156
- Pictures of electric cookers
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 158
- Pictures of cooking activities

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Uses of heat: Warming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how heat is used for warming
- Demonstrate ways of generating body heat
- Value heat as a source of warmth

- Discuss ways people keep warm (rubbing hands, sitting near fire)
- Observe pictures of people and animals keeping warm
- Identify various sources of warmth
- Record observations

Why do we rub our hands against each other during the cold season?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 159
- Pictures of warming activities
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Uses of heat: Drying
Heat - Uses of heat: Ironing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how heat is used for drying
- Describe various drying applications
- Appreciate the importance of heat in preservation

- Observe the drying of clothes, crops, fish in the sun
- Discuss why drying is important for preservation
- Identify items that are dried using heat
- Record observations

Why are harvested crops such as grains dried in the sun?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Pictures of drying activities
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 161
- Pictures of different types of irons

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Safety measures when handling heat
Heat - Importance of heat in daily life
Heat - Project: Making kitchen gloves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safety measures when handling heat
- Identify potential dangers of heat sources
- Value the importance of safety

- Search for information on safety measures when handling heat
- Discuss safe ways to handle hot items
- Identify protective gear for handling heat
- Record observations

Why is it important to observe safety measures when handling heat?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 162
- Safety equipment
- Digital resources
- Pictures showing safety practices
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 165
- Pictures showing uses of heat
- Paper for patterns
- Fabric pieces
- Scissors
- Needles and thread

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments