GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2

GENETICS

Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Observe and record variations in tongue rolling, fingerprints and height. Distinguish between different types of variations. Create data tables.

Practical activity on tongue rolling. Fingerprint examination using ink pads. Height measurement and data recording.

Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 2-3

GENETICS

Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes. Define chromatids, centromere and genes. Explain homologous chromosomes and chromosome numbers.

Drawing labeled chromosome diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome pairs in different species. Student drawing exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 5-6

GENETICS

DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of DNA. Explain DNA replication process. Understand the role of DNA in heredity.

Drawing DNA double helix on chalkboard. Step-by-step explanation of replication. Discussion on base pairing rules.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 10-12

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law
Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.
Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17

GENETICS

Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion
Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24

GENETICS

ABO Blood Group System
Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes
Sex Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.

Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.
Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27

GENETICS

Gene Linkage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness
Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction
Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy
Gene Mutations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chromosomal mutations. Explain non-disjunction during meiosis. Describe Down's syndrome and other chromosome disorders.
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.

Exposition on non-disjunction using chalkboard diagrams. Drawing normal vs abnormal chromosome sets. Discussion on genetic disorders.
Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 32-35
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Albinism
Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe albinism inheritance. Explain enzyme deficiency in albinism. Calculate inheritance probabilities. Draw genetic crosses.

Case study of albinism using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for albinism inheritance. Discussion on carrier parents and affected children.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 38-40

GENETICS

Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain gene-environment interactions. Describe phenotypic plasticity. Understand limitations of genetic determinism.

Discussion on environmental influences using local examples. Plant growth under different conditions. Twin studies and environmental factors.

Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 42-43

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of Genetics
Meaning of Evolution and Origin of Life Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify applications in plant and animal breeding. Explain genetic counselling. Understand blood transfusion genetics. Introduce genetic engineering basics.

Exposition on practical genetics applications. Local examples of plant breeding. Discussion on genetic counselling process and medical applications.

Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 43-49

EVOLUTION

Chemical Evolution and Miller's Experiment
Evidence for Evolution - Fossil Records

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Miller's spark discharge experiment. Explain formation of organic compounds from simple molecules. Understand primitive earth conditions.
Define fossils and explain fossil formation. Describe types of fossils. Analyze fossil evidence for evolution. Understand geological time scale.

Detailed exposition on Miller's experimental setup using chalkboard diagrams. Discussion on primitive atmosphere composition. Analysis of experimental results and significance.
Exposition on fossil formation processes. Examination of any available fossil specimens or pictures. Discussion on fossil records of humans and other organisms. Timeline construction on chalkboard.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple laboratory glassware for demonstration
Textbook, any available fossil specimens, pictures from textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 53-55
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 55-62

EVOLUTION

Geographical Distribution and Comparative Embryology
Comparative Anatomy - Homologous Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain biogeographical evidence for evolution. Describe continental drift effects on species distribution. Compare embryological development in vertebrates.

Discussion on animal and plant distribution patterns. Examination of world map showing species distribution. Drawing embryological stages on chalkboard. Comparison of vertebrate embryos.

Textbook, world map, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, bone specimens (if available), pictures of animal limbs, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 60-63

EVOLUTION

Comparative Anatomy - Analogous and Vestigial Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define analogous and vestigial structures. Compare bird and insect wings. Give examples of vestigial organs. Explain convergent evolution.

Examination of bird and insect wing specimens. Drawing wing structures on chalkboard. Discussion on vestigial organs in humans and other animals. Examples of convergent evolution.

Textbook, wing specimens (bird feathers, insect specimens), chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 67-70

EVOLUTION

Cell Biology and Comparative Serology Evidence
Lamarck's Theory vs Darwin's Theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cellular evidence for evolution. Explain biochemical similarities in organisms. Understand serological tests for evolutionary relationships.

Discussion on universal cellular features. Exposition on ATP, DNA similarities across species. Explanation of blood protein comparisons. Simple demonstration of precipitation reactions.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple solutions for demonstration (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 69-70

EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Natural Selection in Action
Modern Examples of Evolution and Resistance
Balance and Posture Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain struggle for existence and survival of the fittest. Describe peppered moth example. Model cryptic coloration effects. Understand environmental selection pressures.
Describe antibiotic and pesticide resistance. Explain sickle cell trait advantage in malaria areas. Understand ongoing evolutionary processes. Apply evolutionary principles to current issues.

Practical activity modeling cryptic coloration using paper cutouts. Discussion on peppered moth case study. Examples of predator-prey relationships. Analysis of selection pressures.
Discussion on drug-resistant bacteria and insects. Case study of malaria and sickle cell trait. Examples of rapid evolutionary changes. Q/A session and topic review.

White and black paper, scissors, textbook, chalkboard
Textbook, local examples of pesticide resistance, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple materials for balance demonstration

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 73-75
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 75-77

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Ear Defects and Hearing Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify ear defects and hearing problems. Explain causes of deafness and hearing loss. Describe prevention and treatment methods.

Discussion on types of deafness and their causes. Exposition on ear infections and prevention. Examples of hearing problems from local community. Health education on ear care and protection.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local examples of hearing problems

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 115-116

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Integration and Coordination Systems Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare plant and animal coordination systems. Integrate nervous, endocrine, and sensory systems. Apply knowledge to solve coordination problems.

Comprehensive review of all coordination systems. Comparison charts of different response types. Problem-solving exercises on coordination scenarios. Q&A sessions covering all topics. Preparation for assessments.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, review materials

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 78-116

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Practical Applications and Assessment
Importance of Support and Movement; Plant Support Strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply coordination concepts to real-life situations. Solve problems related to responses and coordination. Demonstrate understanding through practical exercises.

Practical problem-solving sessions. Case study analysis of coordination disorders. Application of concepts to agricultural and medical scenarios. Assessment activities and evaluation.

Textbook, assessment materials, local case studies, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local plant specimens, herbaceous and woody plants for wilting experiment

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 78-116

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Tissue Arrangement in Monocot and Dicot Stems
Supporting Tissues in Plants and Their Functions
Types of Animal Skeletons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe arrangement of tissues in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous stems. Compare tissue arrangements between monocots and dicots. Identify supporting tissues and their distribution.
Identify types of supporting tissues: collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem vessels, tracheids. Explain functions of each supporting tissue. Describe how these tissues provide mechanical strength. Compare tissue properties and locations.

Examination of fresh monocot and dicot stem cross-sections. Drawing and labeling tissue arrangements on chalkboard. Practical observation of vascular bundle patterns. Comparison of scattered vs ring arrangements. Discussion on supporting tissue distribution.
Detailed exposition on supporting tissue types using diagrams. Discussion on tissue characteristics and functions. Examination of tissue examples in stem sections. Comparison of tissue properties and mechanical strength. Drawing tissue structures and arrangements.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, fresh monocot stems (maize, sugarcane), fresh dicot stems (bean plants), razor blades, hand lenses
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, microscope slides (if available), fresh stem sections, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, arthropod specimens (grasshoppers, crabs), bone specimens, comparison charts

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 121-125

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Fish Locomotion - Structure and Mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Examine external features of bony fish related to locomotion. Identify different types of fins and their functions. Explain swimming mechanism and calculate tail power. Describe streamlined body adaptations.

Practical examination of fresh tilapia or similar fish. Identification and drawing of fins and body features. Discussion on streamlining and scale arrangement. Detailed exposition on swimming mechanism using diagrams. Practical calculation of tail power using fish measurements.

Textbook, fresh fish specimen, chalkboard, chalk, forceps, measuring tools, calculator, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 127-129

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Human Axial Skeleton - Skull and Rib Cage
Vertebral Column - Cervical and Thoracic Vertebrae

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure and functions of human skull. Explain structure and function of rib cage. Understand protection and support roles. Identify bone features and adaptations.

Examination of skull and rib cage specimens or models. Drawing skull and rib cage structures. Discussion on brain and organ protection. Analysis of breathing movements and rib articulation. Identification of skull sutures and rib cage components.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, skull and rib cage specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, cervical and thoracic vertebrae specimens, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 130-131

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Vertebral Column - Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of lumbar vertebrae and their weight-bearing adaptations. Describe structure of sacral vertebrae and sacrum formation. Explain structure of caudal vertebrae. Compare all vertebrae types.

Examination of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae specimens. Drawing large centrum and processes of lumbar vertebrae. Study of sacrum formation and fusion. Discussion on weight support and regional specializations. Complete vertebral column analysis.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae specimens, complete vertebral column

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 134-136

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb Bones
Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimb Bones
Types of Joints and Their Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of pectoral girdle components: scapula and clavicle. Identify forelimb bones: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges. Explain joint formations and articulations.
Describe structure of pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, pubis. Identify hindlimb bones: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges. Explain weight-bearing adaptations and joint formations.

Examination of pectoral girdle and forelimb bones. Drawing and labeling complete forelimb structure. Discussion on shoulder and elbow joint formation. Analysis of bone features and muscle attachment points. Study of pentadactyl limb pattern.
Examination of pelvic girdle and hindlimb bones. Drawing hip bone structure and acetabulum. Study of hindlimb bone features and knee joint. Discussion on weight transmission and locomotion adaptations. Comparison of forelimb and hindlimb structures.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pectoral girdle and forelimb bone specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pelvic girdle and hindlimb bone specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens or models, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 136-138
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 138-140

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Ball and Socket vs Hinge Joints; Movement Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare ball and socket joints with hinge joints. Describe movement capabilities and examples of each joint type. Explain how muscles work in antagonistic pairs at joints. Understand lever systems in movement.

Examination of hip/shoulder and elbow/knee joints. Demonstration of movement ranges and planes. Drawing joint structures and movement mechanisms. Practical demonstration of biceps and triceps action. Analysis of flexor and extensor muscle function.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens, practical movement demonstrations, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 141-143

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Types of Muscle Tissue and Their Functions
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contraction Mechanism
Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Specializations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify three types of muscle tissue: skeletal (striated), smooth (visceral), and cardiac. Compare structure and functions of each muscle type. Explain voluntary vs involuntary muscle control. Describe muscle fiber characteristics.

Drawing structures of different muscle types on chalkboard. Detailed comparison of muscle fiber characteristics. Discussion on muscle control mechanisms and locations. Analysis of muscle contraction properties and endurance. Examples of each muscle type in body systems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, muscle tissue comparison charts
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, detailed muscle structure diagrams
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, comprehensive muscle comparison tables

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 142-144