STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction and Age-Sex Pyramids Concept
Analysis and Interpretation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define statistical methods and age-sex pyramids; Recall previous statistical methods from Forms 1-3; Explain the structure and components of age-sex pyramids; Identify cohorts and age-group divisions

Q/A session reviewing previous statistical methods; Introduction to Form 4 advanced methods; Detailed explanation of age-sex pyramid concept using Kenya 1999 census data; Examination of pyramid structure and cohort identification

Sample age-sex pyramids; Kenya census data; Charts showing graph types; Textbook examples
Kenya and developed country pyramid examples; Comparison charts; Statistical data; Population analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-4

STATISTICAL METHODS

Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Introduction, Concepts and Construction Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify advantages and limitations of age-sex pyramids; Evaluate usefulness for planning purposes; Apply pyramid analysis to real scenarios; Assess pyramid effectiveness for data presentation

Brainstorming on advantages and disadvantages; Discussion on planning applications and limitations; Case study analysis for government planning; Review and consolidation of pyramid concepts and skills

Advantage/disadvantage charts; Planning scenario examples; Case study materials; Review worksheets
Sample dot maps; Livestock data tables; Calculators; Various sized dots; Dotting pens

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 7-8

STATISTICAL METHODS

Practical Construction and Location Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Construct complete dot maps using given data; Apply proper dot placement techniques; Use additional maps for accurate location; Create neat, professional dot maps

Practical construction of Bungoma County livestock map; Demonstration of dot placement using relief and settlement maps; Individual mapping exercise with quality control; Application of proper dotting techniques

Base maps; Dotting pens; Relief maps; Settlement maps; Bungoma livestock data; Practice materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 11-12

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction, Definition and Construction Steps
Shading Techniques and Practical Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define choropleth maps and density concepts; Calculate population/area densities; Apply systematic construction steps; Determine appropriate classification systems

Introduction to choropleth mapping and Greek origins; Explanation of density calculations; Step-by-step construction demonstration; Practice with density calculations and classification methods

Sample choropleth maps; Calculators; Area data; Classification examples; Density calculation worksheets
Shading materials; Pattern examples; Region A data; Base maps; Rulers; Final presentation materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 14-16

STATISTICAL METHODS

Analysis, Comparison and Comprehensive Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret choropleth map patterns; Compare all three statistical methods; Select appropriate methods for different data types; Demonstrate mastery through practical application

Analysis of completed choropleth maps; Comprehensive comparison of age-sex pyramids, dot maps, and choropleth maps; Method selection scenarios; Final assessment and practical application exercise

Completed maps; Comparison charts; Various data sets; Assessment materials; Method selection guides

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-19

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Introduction and Irrigation Schemes Overview
Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme - Location and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define land reclamation and land rehabilitation; Distinguish between the two concepts; Identify major irrigation schemes in Kenya; Explain Kenya's irrigation potential and the role of NIB

Q/A on land use concepts; Teacher explanation of reclamation vs rehabilitation; Study of Kenya's 540,000 hectares potential; Examination of Table 2.1 showing 13 major schemes; Map work locating schemes

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Notebook; Pen/pencil
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 12-14

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Scheme - Management and Cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain management structure and 1999 farmers' revolt; Describe rice cultivation techniques; Analyze plot preparation and water management; Calculate yields and productivity

Study of NIB role and cooperative formation; Detailed examination of paddy field preparation; Analysis of bund construction and canal systems; Discussion on 5-month growth cycle and 14 bags per hectare yield

Chalkboard; Textbook; Calculator; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 16-18

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Benefits, Problems and Perkerra Scheme
Significance and Problems of Irrigation in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify benefits and success factors of Mwea; Analyze major problems facing the scheme; Compare with Perkerra irrigation scheme; Evaluate location factors and challenges

Analysis of seven major benefits and success factors; Study of 11 problems including diseases, pests, and management issues; Examination of Perkerra location in Baringo County; Discussion on contract farming and Kenya Seed Company role

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 18-22

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Methods - Drainage, Irrigation Types and Pest Control
Afforestation, Soil Conservation and ASAL Management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain drainage methods for swamp reclamation; Describe six types of irrigation techniques; Analyze pest control as land reclamation; Study tse-tse fly control methods

Study of U-shaped and V-shaped drainage ditches; Detailed examination of bucket, flood, sprinkler, trickle, canal, and drip irrigation; Analysis of pest organisms impact; Discussion on tse-tse control through various methods

Chalkboard; Textbook; Water bucket; Small stones; Exercise book
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Tree seedlings; Exercise book

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 24-29

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Kenya Case Studies - Lambwe Valley and Swamp Drainage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze Lambwe Valley tse-tse control project; Describe World Bank funding and objectives; Explain five control measures used; Evaluate Yala and Bunyala swamp drainage benefits

Detailed case study of Lambwe Valley location and hot climate; Analysis of sterilization, spraying, clearing, buffer zones, and host killing; Study of Yala and Bunyala drainage objectives; Assessment of project outcomes and benefits

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 33-37

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Netherlands Land Reclamation - Introduction and Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Netherlands geography and reclamation history; Explain the concept of polders; Analyze three main reclamation methods; Understand polder construction process

Study of Netherlands' land below sea level; Historical analysis from 13th century to modern methods; Examination of sea/marsh/lake reclamation; Step-by-step analysis of polder construction with ring canals and dykes

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-40

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Zuyder Zee and Delta Plan Projects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Zuyder Zee project development and benefits; Explain 1953 disaster and Delta Plan response; Analyze project outcomes and impacts; Evaluate flood prevention measures

Detailed study of 1927-1932 Zuyder Zee timeline; Analysis of Great Dyke construction and five polders; Study of 1953 disaster impact; Examination of Delta Plan objectives and four estuary closures

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 40-44

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION
FISHING

Comparison and Review
Introduction and Factors Influencing Fishing - Plankton and Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare Kenya and Netherlands reclamation methods; Identify similarities and differences; Evaluate success factors; Synthesize all concepts and prepare for assessment

Analysis of six similarities and five major differences; Comparative study of technology levels and approaches; Comprehensive review of all reclamation methods; Application of concepts to new scenarios and assessment preparation

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya and world maps
Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya and Africa maps; Exercise book; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 45-46, Review Pages 12-46

FISHING

Factors Influencing Fishing - Coastline, Capital, Technology and Market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how coastline nature affects fishing; Analyze the role of capital in fishing development; Evaluate the importance of technology in fishing; Assess the influence of large markets and transport on fishing

Study of continental shelf importance and shallow waters; Analysis of sheltered coastlines and coral reef barriers; Discussion on capital requirements for commercial fishing; Examination of technology differences between developed and developing countries; Study of market and transport needs

Chalkboard; Textbook; World map; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 33-34

FISHING

Major World Fishing Grounds - Atlantic Ocean
Major World Fishing Grounds - Pacific Ocean and Comparison

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major fishing grounds worldwide; Describe North-West Atlantic fishing grounds; Explain factors favoring North-West Atlantic development; Analyze North-East Atlantic fishing grounds and their characteristics

Study of global fishing ground distribution using Figure 3.2; Detailed analysis of Grand Bank, Sable Bank, and George's Bank; Examination of cold Labrador and warm Gulf Stream convergence; Discussion on population and technological factors in Atlantic fishing

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 34-37

FISHING

Fishing Grounds in Africa - Marine and Inland Fisheries
Types and Methods of Fishing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major fishing grounds in Africa; Explain why Africa is not a major fish producer; Describe marine fishing countries and their advantages; Analyze inland fisheries and their characteristics

Study of Africa's limited fish production (less than 8%); Analysis of warm ocean waters and coral reef limitations; Examination of major marine fishing countries (South Africa, Namibia, Morocco); Discussion on inland fishing in lakes and rivers using traditional methods

Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Fishing net sample; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 39-42

FISHING

Traditional Fishing Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify traditional fishing methods; Explain harpooning, baskets, and traps techniques; Describe barriers, gill nets, and herbs methods; Analyze hand lines and their effectiveness

Detailed study of harpooning using spears and arrows; Examination of basket placement in shallow waters; Analysis of trap construction using reeds and cones; Discussion on seasonal barrier methods and gill net effectiveness; Study of herb use and hand line techniques

Chalkboard; Textbook; Basket sample; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 44-47

FISHING

Modern Fishing Methods
Fisheries in East Africa - Kenya Marine and Inland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe modern commercial fishing methods; Explain seining techniques and equipment; Analyze trawling methods and applications; Evaluate line fishing in commercial operations

Study of seining using seine nets and dory boats; Analysis of trawling with cone-shaped bags and trawlers; Examination of line fishing with multiple hooks; Discussion on advantages and disadvantages of each method; Comparison with traditional methods

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Small rope sample
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 47-49

FISHING

Fish Farming in Kenya and Fishing in Tanzania/Uganda

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fish farming establishment and management; Describe fish pond construction and fish feeding; Compare fishing in Tanzania and Uganda; Analyze East African fishing patterns

Study of fish pond construction on impervious soils; Analysis of fingerling sources and fish feeding methods; Examination of tilapia, trout, and mudfish farming; Comparison of Tanzania's Lake Victoria and Tanganyika fishing; Study of Uganda's landlocked fishing advantages

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 53-56

FISHING

Significance and Problems of Fishing Industry in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify economic and social significance of fishing; Analyze employment and development benefits; Examine major problems facing fishing industry; Suggest solutions to fishing problems

Study of fishing as income source and employment creator; Analysis of tourist attraction and protein source benefits; Examination of transport development and port growth; Detailed study of problems (over-fishing, pollution, inadequate capital, transport, new species, weeds, dangerous animals, limited market, accidents, few cooperatives)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 56-60

FISHING

Fishing in Japan - Factors and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors making Japan a leading fishing nation; Analyze Japan's fishing advantages; Describe Japanese fishing technology and methods; Compare Japanese and Kenyan fishing

Study of Japan's rugged terrain and island nature; Analysis of extensive continental shelf and current convergence; Examination of advanced technology and ship building; Discussion on lucrative markets and large population; Comparison of similarities and differences with Kenya

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 60-64

FISHING

Fishing in Japan - Factors and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors making Japan a leading fishing nation; Analyze Japan's fishing advantages; Describe Japanese fishing technology and methods; Compare Japanese and Kenyan fishing

Study of Japan's rugged terrain and island nature; Analysis of extensive continental shelf and current convergence; Examination of advanced technology and ship building; Discussion on lucrative markets and large population; Comparison of similarities and differences with Kenya

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 60-64

FISHING
WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Management and Conservation of Fisheries
Definition of Wildlife and Factors Influencing Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for fisheries management; Describe conservation methods and techniques; Analyze international agreements and cooperation; Evaluate artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Study of declining fish resources globally; Analysis of management measures (licensing, banning, size restrictions); Examination of conservation techniques (restocking, research, pollution control); Discussion on Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and international cooperation; Study of artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map
Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 64-66

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Factors Influencing Wildlife Distribution - Climate, Soils and Human Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how climate affects wildlife distribution; Analyze the role of altitude and rainfall in wildlife patterns; Describe how soils influence wildlife habitats; Evaluate human impact on wildlife distribution

Study of temperature and altitude effects on wildlife; Analysis of rainfall distribution and vegetation variety; Discussion on soil types and plant species relationships; Examination of human activities impact (settlement, agriculture, chemicals, mining, hunting, fishing methods)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 61-62

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Game Parks - Types and Distinctions
Distribution of Parks and Significance of Wildlife

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between National Parks, National Reserves, and Wildlife Sanctuaries; Explain management structures of different park types; Identify location and characteristics of major parks in East Africa; Analyze the role of government and local communities in park management

Study of three types of game parks and their legal frameworks; Analysis of management by KWS, Uganda Wildlife Authority, and Mali Hai; Discussion on community involvement in reserves vs parks; Examination of private game ranches and sanctuaries; Study of marine parks

Chalkboard; Textbook; East Africa map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; East Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 62-64

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Problems Facing Wildlife in East Africa
Wildlife Management and Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major problems threatening wildlife; Explain poaching and its impacts on wildlife populations; Analyze human encroachment and insecurity issues; Evaluate environmental threats to wildlife

Study of poaching for tusks, horns, skins, and meat; Analysis of human population pressure and encroachment; Discussion on insecurity in parks like Kidepo Valley and Kora; Examination of overpopulation effects in Tsavo; Study of pollution, drought, and bush fires impacts

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Wildlife photos
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 66-69

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Tourism - Definitions and Types
Factors Influencing Tourism in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define tourism, tourists, and eco-tourism; Distinguish between domestic and international tourism; Explain characteristics of eco-tourism; Analyze mass tourism vs sustainable tourism concepts

Teacher explanation of tourism concepts and terminology; Study of eco-tourism principles and environmental protection; Analysis of domestic vs international tourism patterns; Discussion on sustainable tourism practices and community involvement; Examination of tourism statistics and origins of tourists to Kenya

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 71-74

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Tourist Attractions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major tourist attractions in Kenya; Describe wildlife attractions and their significance; Explain scenic attractions including mountains and lakes; Analyze coastal attractions and their appeal to tourists

Study of game parks as main attractions with visitor statistics; Analysis of Mount Kenya, Rift Valley, and scenic waterfalls; Examination of prehistoric sites like Kariandusi and Olorgesailie; Discussion on coastal beaches, marine parks, and cultural activities; Study of conferences and sports tourism

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 76-80

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Significance and Problems of Tourism in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze economic and social significance of tourism; Evaluate tourism's contribution to national development; Identify major problems facing tourism industry; Suggest solutions to tourism challenges

Study of foreign exchange earnings and employment creation; Analysis of agricultural promotion and revenue generation; Examination of problems: insecurity, terrorism, adverse publicity, high costs; Discussion on solutions and government initiatives to address challenges

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 80-83

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Tourism in Switzerland and Comparison with Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe tourism development in Switzerland; Explain factors influencing Swiss tourism; Compare similarities and differences between Kenya and Switzerland tourism; Evaluate future prospects of tourism in Kenya

Study of Switzerland's Alpine scenery and climate attractions; Analysis of infrastructure, neutrality policy, and language diversity; Comparison of tourism features, attractions, and development levels; Discussion on Kenya's tourism future: security improvements, aggressive promotion, tariff adjustments

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 84-87

ENERGY

Definition and Types of Energy Sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define energy in geographical context; Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources; Identify examples of renewable energy sources; Explain the characteristics of renewable energy

Q/A on previous knowledge of power and fuel; Teacher explanation of energy definition and importance in production; Study of renewable vs non-renewable classification; Examination of renewable sources: solar, wind, tidal, wave, hydro, geothermal, biomass; Discussion on recycling ability of renewable sources

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen/pencil; Sample solar panel if available

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 87-88

ENERGY

Renewable Energy Sources - Solar, Wind, Tidal and Wave
Renewable Energy Sources - Hydro, Geothermal and Biomass

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe solar energy and its applications; Explain wind energy production and limitations; Analyze tidal energy harnessing; Evaluate wave energy potential and challenges

Study of solar energy availability in tropical countries; Analysis of wind energy reliability and Kenya's wind turbine capacity; Examination of tidal energy at River Rance, France; Discussion on wave energy production and limitations; Analysis of costs and viability in developing countries

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map; Wind direction indicator if available
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map; Charcoal sample

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 88-91

ENERGY

Non-renewable Energy Sources
Hydro-Electric Power Stations in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify non-renewable energy sources; Explain petroleum formation and uses; Describe coal characteristics and applications; Analyze nuclear energy production and risks

Study of non-renewable energy characteristics and exhaustion potential; Analysis of petroleum as hydrocarbon from sedimentary rocks; Examination of coal formation and Industrial Revolution role; Discussion on nuclear energy production, benefits, and dangers (Chernobyl example); Study of energy consumption patterns in Kenya

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy consumption tables
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; HEP station photos if available

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 95-97

ENERGY

HEP Projects in Uganda and Africa
Significance of Energy and Energy Crisis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare HEP development in Uganda with Kenya; Identify major HEP projects in Africa; Analyze challenges facing African HEP development; Evaluate the significance of projects like Kariba and Akosombo

Study of Owen Falls Dam and Uganda's renewable water resources; Analysis of major African projects: Aswan, Kariba, Akosombo, Cabora Bassa; Examination of Africa's untapped potential (43% concentration, only 3% utilization); Discussion on capital investment challenges and remote locations

Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Comparative charts
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Calculator; Economic impact charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 100-103

ENERGY

Management and Conservation of Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain energy management and conservation strategies; Analyze government measures to reduce oil dependence; Evaluate alternative energy solutions; Suggest practical conservation methods

Study of energy management definition and conservation principles; Analysis of government strategies: limiting oil usage, consumer pricing, taxation policies; Examination of alternative energy promotion: solar power, windmills, biogas, coal importation; Discussion on practical conservation: energy-saving devices, public transport, proper maintenance

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy-saving bulb if available; Conservation posters

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 106-108