ENERGY

Definition and Types of Energy Sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define energy in geographical context; Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources; Identify examples of renewable energy sources; Explain the characteristics of renewable energy

Q/A on previous knowledge of power and fuel; Teacher explanation of energy definition and importance in production; Study of renewable vs non-renewable classification; Examination of renewable sources: solar, wind, tidal, wave, hydro, geothermal, biomass; Discussion on recycling ability of renewable sources

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen/pencil; Sample solar panel if available

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 87-88

ENERGY

Renewable Energy Sources - Solar, Wind, Tidal and Wave
Renewable Energy Sources - Hydro, Geothermal and Biomass

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe solar energy and its applications; Explain wind energy production and limitations; Analyze tidal energy harnessing; Evaluate wave energy potential and challenges

Study of solar energy availability in tropical countries; Analysis of wind energy reliability and Kenya's wind turbine capacity; Examination of tidal energy at River Rance, France; Discussion on wave energy production and limitations; Analysis of costs and viability in developing countries

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map; Wind direction indicator if available
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map; Charcoal sample

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 88-91

ENERGY

Non-renewable Energy Sources
Hydro-Electric Power Stations in Kenya
HEP Projects in Uganda and Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify non-renewable energy sources; Explain petroleum formation and uses; Describe coal characteristics and applications; Analyze nuclear energy production and risks

Study of non-renewable energy characteristics and exhaustion potential; Analysis of petroleum as hydrocarbon from sedimentary rocks; Examination of coal formation and Industrial Revolution role; Discussion on nuclear energy production, benefits, and dangers (Chernobyl example); Study of energy consumption patterns in Kenya

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy consumption tables
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; HEP station photos if available
Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Comparative charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 95-97

ENERGY

Significance of Energy and Energy Crisis
Management and Conservation of Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze significance of energy in different sectors; Explain causes of energy crisis; Evaluate impact of oil crisis on Kenya; Assess effects on various economic sectors

Study of energy use in domestic, industrial, transport, and agricultural sectors; Analysis of energy crisis causes: over-reliance on petroleum, OPEC price controls, political sanctions; Examination of 1971-1974 and 1990 Gulf crises; Discussion on Kenya's impacts: inflation, reduced tourism, agricultural decline, foreign exchange depletion

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Calculator; Economic impact charts
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy-saving bulb if available; Conservation posters

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 103-106

INDUSTRY

Introduction and Factors Influencing Industrial Location

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define industry and industrialisation. Distinguish between industrialised and less industrialised countries. Explain the role of capital and skilled manpower in industrial development. Account for the importance of raw materials and markets in industrial location.

Q/A on economic activities. Teacher explains industry concepts using Kenya vs South Africa examples. Discussion on capital and skilled manpower factors. Analysis of raw material proximity and market location with local examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 107-112

INDUSTRY

Factors Influencing Industrial Location
Types of Industries - Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role of transport, communication, electricity and water in industrial location. Describe government policies affecting industrial location. Define industrial inertia. Give examples of personal factors in industrial location.

Teacher exposition on infrastructure factors. Case study of Thika's industrial growth. Discussion on government policies and EPZs. Analysis of industrial inertia and personal decision factors.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 110-113

INDUSTRY

Classification and Distribution of Industries in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify industries as heavy or light industries. Identify agricultural food processing industries in Kenya. Explain the location of tea, coffee, milk and sugar processing. Account for grain milling and beverage industries distribution.

Discussion on heavy vs light industry classification. Analysis of agricultural food processing locations. Study of tea, coffee, milk and sugar processing distribution patterns. Examination of grain milling and beverage industries.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 119-123

INDUSTRY

Distribution of Industries in Kenya (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe meat processing and non-food agricultural industries. Explain cotton, sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing. Account for timber and paper processing. Identify non-agricultural manufacturing industries.

Teacher explains meat processing and agricultural non-food industries. Discussion on cotton processing from ginneries to textiles. Analysis of sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing locations. Study of timber and paper processing industries.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 123-125

INDUSTRY

Manufacturing Industries and Cottage Industries
Jua Kali Industries and Significance of Industrialisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cement production and oil refining in Kenya. Explain metal products and glass making industries. Define cottage industries and their characteristics. Identify types of cottage industries in Kenya.

Study of cement production and oil refining locations. Discussion on metal products and glass making industries. Teacher explains cottage industries concept and characteristics. Analysis of pottery, wood carving and stone carving activities.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 125-128

INDUSTRY

Significance of Industrialisation (continued) and Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain utilisation of natural resources and agricultural enhancement. Describe formation of trade unions and co-operatives. Identify major problems of industrialisation. Explain pollution and its environmental effects.

Discussion on resource utilisation and trade union formation. Analysis of industrialisation problems focusing on pollution. Study of environmental effects from various industries. Brain storming on pollution control measures.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 133-135

INDUSTRY

Problems of Industrialisation and Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain neglect of agriculture and unemployment issues. Describe displacement of people and rural-urban migration. Account for competition from imports and capital inadequacy. Suggest practical solutions to industrialisation problems.

Analysis of major industrialisation problems including agriculture neglect and unemployment. Discussion on people displacement and rural-urban migration. Examination of import competition and capital shortage. Students suggest practical solutions to identified problems.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 135-142

INDUSTRY

Cottage Industry in India
Cottage Industry in India (continued) and Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cottage industry development in India. Identify types and characteristics of Indian cottage industries. Describe factors favouring cottage industry development. Account for the significance of cottage industry to Indian economy.

Teacher explains Indian cottage industry development and types. Discussion on characteristics and major centres. Analysis of development factors including cheap labour and local materials. Study of significance to Indian economy.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 142-144

INDUSTRY

Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region of Germany

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate the Ruhr Industrial Region and explain its importance. Describe factors favouring iron and steel industry development. Explain availability of raw materials (coal, iron ore, limestone). Account for geographical position and transport advantages.

Map work locating Ruhr Region and transport routes. Teacher explains factors favouring iron and steel industry. Discussion on raw materials availability and sources. Analysis of geographical position and transport advantages via rivers and canals.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 146-148

INDUSTRY

Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region and Car Manufacturing in Japan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of iron and steel industry in Ruhr Region. Identify problems facing the region. Describe Japan's physical features and their influence on industrialisation. Explain historical factors in Japanese industrial development.

Analysis of Ruhr industry significance and problems. Map work on Japan's physical features. Discussion on mountainous terrain limiting agriculture. Study of Meiji Era influence on industrial development and post-war focus on manufacturing.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 148-153

INDUSTRY
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Car Manufacturing and Electronics Industry in Japan
Definition of Transport and Communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors favouring car and electronics industries in Japan. Identify major industrial zones and car models. Describe significance of car and electronics industries to Japanese economy. Compare Japanese industrial development with other countries studied.

Analysis of factors favouring Japanese car and electronics industries. Discussion on major industrial zones and car models produced. Study of economic significance including foreign exchange and employment. Comparison of industrial development across Japan, Germany and India.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 153-156

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Road Transport

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the importance of road transport in Africa. Describe the development of road networks. State advantages of road transport. Identify disadvantages of road transport.

Teacher explains road transport development in Africa. Discussion on road networks and trans-continental highways. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of road transport. Students identify local road transport examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 136-138

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Railway Transport

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the development of railway transport in Africa. Describe railway construction in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. State advantages and disadvantages of railway transport. Account for problems facing railway development.

Discussion on railway development in Africa since 19th century. Analysis of Kenya-Uganda Railway and TAZARA construction. Study of railway advantages and disadvantages. Examination of problems including gauge differences.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 138-140

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Water Transport
Water Transport (continued) and Air Transport

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain inland and marine water transport in Africa. Identify major waterways including lakes and rivers. Describe problems facing river transport. Account for the significance of marine transport.

Teacher explains inland and marine water transport. Discussion on major African waterways and ports. Analysis of river transport problems. Study of marine transport routes and significance.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 140-142

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Pipelines, Lifts and Types of Communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain pipeline transport and its uses. Describe lifts and escalators as transport modes. Identify types of communication systems. Explain print media and electronic media.

Discussion on pipeline transport for oil, gas and water. Study of lifts and escalators in buildings. Teacher explains communication types including print and electronic media. Analysis of communication development in Africa.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 144-146

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Types of Communication (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe telephone services and their development. Explain postal and courier services. Define facsimile and internet communication. Account for communication development in Africa.

Analysis of telephone development and mobile technology. Discussion on postal services and African Postal Union. Study of facsimile and internet technology. Examination of communication challenges in Africa.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 146-148

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Distribution of Major Transport Lines in Africa
Role of Transport and Communication in Economic Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major road networks in Africa. Describe trans-continental highways. Explain railway distribution patterns. Account for airline networks and waterways.

Map work on African transport networks. Discussion on trans-continental highways and railway systems. Analysis of airline networks and major waterways. Study of transport connectivity patterns.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 148-151

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Role of Transport and Communication (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain revenue generation from transport and communication. Describe development of urban centres. Account for promotion of national image. Analyze overall economic impact.

Study of revenue generation from transport and communication. Analysis of urban development along transport routes. Discussion on national image promotion through airlines. Examination of overall economic impacts.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 153-155

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Problems Facing Transport and Communication in Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain difficult terrain as a barrier to transport development. Describe harsh environmental conditions. Account for non-navigable rivers. Identify inadequate communication facilities.

Analysis of terrain barriers including Great Rift Valley and escarpments. Discussion on harsh environments: deserts and forests. Study of river navigation problems. Examination of inadequate communication facilities.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 155-157

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Problems Facing Transport and Communication (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the impact of civil wars on transport and communication. Describe other problems affecting development. Suggest solutions to transport and communication problems. Account for efforts being made to solve problems.

Discussion on civil wars affecting infrastructure development. Analysis of economic instability and mass destruction. Study of solutions including trans-continental highways and regional cooperation. Examination of efforts to improve transport and communication systems.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 157-159

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway - Introduction
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway - Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate the Great Lakes of North America. Explain problems that existed before seaway construction. Describe the St. Lawrence Seaway project. Account for the project's multipurpose nature.

Map work locating Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. Discussion on navigation problems before seaway construction. Analysis of seaway project development and timeline. Study of multipurpose objectives and international cooperation.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 159-161

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Role of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role in boosting trade between USA and Canada. Describe hydro-electric power generation. Account for employment creation and tourism promotion. Analyze development of towns, agriculture and industries.

Analysis of trade benefits between USA and Canada. Study of hydro-electric power generation and supply. Discussion on employment creation and tourism development. Examination of urban, agricultural and industrial development.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 163-165

TRADE

Introduction and Types of Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define trade and explain its historical development. Distinguish between barter trade and money economy. Explain internal and external trade. Describe forms of internal trade including wholesalers and retailers.

Q/A on local trading activities and market experiences. Teacher explains trade definition and historical development from barter to money economy. Discussion on internal versus external trade. Analysis of wholesalers, retailers, hawkers, and market systems. Students identify different types of traders in their locality.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 158-160

TRADE

Types of Trade (continued) and Factors Influencing Trade
Major Exports and Imports of Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe departmental stores, supermarkets and open-air markets. Explain bilateral and multilateral trade. Identify factors that influence trade. Account for the importance of capital, goods availability, and security in trade.

Discussion on modern retail systems and supermarket operations. Teacher explains external trade types and import/export concepts. Analysis of factors influencing trade including capital, security, and demand. Study of transport availability and market accessibility. Examination of how these factors affect local and international trade.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, map of world, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 160-162

TRADE

Significance of Trade to Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain economic growth through trade. Describe industrial growth and employment creation. Account for foreign exchange earnings and infrastructure development. Explain revenue generation through sales tax and customs duty.

Discussion on trade's role in economic and industrial development. Analysis of employment opportunities in trade sectors. Study of foreign exchange importance for development. Examination of government revenue through VAT and customs duties. Discussion on settlement development and regional cooperation through trade.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 165-168

TRADE

Problems Facing Trade in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify problems facing trade including scarcity of goods and inadequate capital. Explain infrastructure and security challenges. Describe trade barriers and poverty effects. Account for poor market buildings and smuggling issues.

Analysis of trade problems starting with capital inadequacy and goods scarcity. Discussion on infrastructure challenges and transport difficulties. Study of security issues affecting traders and business operations. Examination of trade barriers, poverty effects, and smuggling impacts. Students suggest solutions to identified problems.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 168-171

TRADE

Future of International Trade and Regional Trading Blocs Introduction
COMESA, SADC and ECOWAS

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Kenya's future trade prospects through regional membership. Describe external investments and infrastructure improvements. Introduce regional trading blocs concept. Explain COMESA formation, membership and objectives.

Discussion on Kenya's trade future through regional blocs and bilateral agreements. Analysis of Kenyan investments in neighboring countries. Study of infrastructure improvement effects on trade. Teacher explains regional trading blocs importance. Introduction to COMESA history, membership changes, and main objectives.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 171-174

TRADE

European Union and Benefits/Problems of Regional Trading Blocs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain European Union formation and membership. Describe EU's role in European economy. Account for general benefits of regional trading blocs. Identify problems facing regional trading blocs.

Study of EU development from EEC to current 25-member status. Analysis of EU's common market, Euro currency and economic integration. Discussion on general benefits of trading blocs: market expansion, cooperation, development. Examination of problems including political differences, unequal industrialization, and poor infrastructure. Assessment of trading blocs' future prospects.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 178-182

POPULATION

Introduction and Population Distribution in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define population and demography. Explain the importance of census. Describe population distribution in East Africa. Distinguish between densely and sparsely populated areas.

Q/A on local population knowledge and census importance. Teacher explains population concepts and East African distribution patterns. Discussion on densely populated areas including major towns and highlands. Analysis of sparsely populated regions using population figures and maps.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 177-178

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Distribution in East Africa
Factors Influencing Population Distribution (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the influence of rainfall and soil fertility on population distribution. Describe the effect of pests and diseases on settlement patterns. Account for the impact of game parks and forests on population distribution.

Discussion on rainfall patterns and their effect on population density. Analysis of highland fertility attracting dense settlement. Study of tsetse fly and mosquito-infested areas affecting population. Examination of game parks and forest reserves as sparsely populated areas.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 178-180

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define population growth and its measurement. Explain fertility, fecundity and infertility concepts. Describe factors affecting fertility rates. Account for mortality and its impact on population growth.

Teacher explains population growth concepts and calculation methods. Discussion on fertility definitions and measurement. Analysis of factors affecting fertility including education and urbanisation. Study of mortality trends and their impact on population growth.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 182-184

POPULATION

Migration and Population Growth Calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain migration types and their causes. Describe push and pull factors in migration. Calculate crude birth rate and crude death rate. Determine population growth rates using demographic data.

Discussion on internal and external migration with local examples. Analysis of migration causes including land pressure and employment opportunities. Teacher demonstrates CBR and CDR calculations. Students practice population growth rate calculations using provided data.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 184-186

POPULATION

Demographic Trends and Transition Theory
Population Structure and Age-Sex Pyramids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain demographic transition theory and its four stages. Describe characteristics of each demographic stage. Account for Kenya's position in demographic transition. Identify factors leading to slow population growth.

Teacher explains demographic transition theory using diagrams. Discussion on each stage characteristics and examples. Analysis of Kenya's current demographic stage with supporting evidence. Study of factors causing slow population growth including warfare and epidemics.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 186-189

POPULATION

Consequences of Population Growth and Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of rapid population growth on GDP. Describe impact on land, forest and water resources. Account for effects on social facilities provision. Analyze impact on food production and employment.

Discussion on population growth effects on economic development. Analysis of land fragmentation and resource pressure. Study of social facilities strain including education and health. Examination of unemployment and dependency ratio impacts.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 192-195

POPULATION

Problems of Slow Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify problems associated with slow population growth. Explain effects on labour force and market size. Describe challenges in resource supply and revenue collection. Account for investment and security implications.

Discussion on small population challenges including underutilisation of facilities. Analysis of labour shortage and reduced market problems. Study of expensive resource supply to scattered populations. Examination of limited investment and defence challenges.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 195-196

POPULATION

Population Growth in Kenya - Historical Trends
Factors Influencing Kenya's Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Kenya's population growth from 1948 to 1999. Explain factors contributing to rapid population growth. Account for cultural beliefs influencing fertility. Describe the impact of health services on population growth.

Analysis of Kenya's census data showing population increases. Discussion on cultural factors including son preference and early marriage. Study of traditional practices affecting family size. Examination of improved health care reducing mortality rates.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 196-198

POPULATION

Population Growth in Sweden

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Sweden's demographic characteristics and growth patterns. Explain factors contributing to slow population growth. Account for Sweden's demographic transition stage. Compare Sweden's population trends with global patterns.

Discussion on Sweden's replacement level population growth. Analysis of factors causing slow growth including urbanisation and contraceptive use. Study of Sweden's fourth demographic transition stage. Examination of economic factors influencing small family preferences.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 200-201

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Distribution in Sweden

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the influence of mountains and climate on Swedish population distribution. Describe the effects of forests and drainage patterns. Account for mining centres and urbanisation impacts. Compare with Kenyan population distribution factors.

Analysis of mountainous terrain and cold climate effects on settlement. Discussion on extensive forests and numerous lakes affecting distribution. Study of mining centres creating population islands. Comparison of Swedish and Kenyan distribution factors and patterns.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 201-203

POPULATION
SETTLEMENT

Comparison Between Kenya and Sweden Population Trends
Definition of Settlement and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare similarities in population distribution factors. Contrast differences in growth rates and population structure. Analyze differences in urbanisation patterns and life expectancy. Evaluate demographic policy implications for both countries.

Discussion on similarities including uneven distribution and improved medical care. Analysis of differences in growth rates and age structures. Comparison of urbanisation levels and life expectancy rates. Examination of population policies and their effectiveness in both countries.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 203-205

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Geographical Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the influence of climate on settlement location. Describe how landforms affect settlement patterns. Account for the role of environmental diseases in settlement decisions. Analyze the impact of soil fertility and water bodies on settlement.

Discussion on climate factors including rainfall and temperature effects. Analysis of landform influences and elevation preferences. Study of disease-affected areas and their sparse settlement. Examination of soil fertility and water body influences on settlement density.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 200-202

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Economic and Other Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain economic factors influencing settlement patterns. Describe the role of defence and security in settlement location. Account for government planning effects on settlement. Analyze cultural practices and historical factors.

Analysis of economic activities affecting settlement including nomadic pastoralism and arable farming. Discussion on defence considerations and historical hill settlements. Study of government settlement schemes and planning policies. Examination of cultural practices and tribal sentiments affecting distribution.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 202-204

SETTLEMENT

Settlement Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define and describe nucleated settlement patterns. Explain dispersed settlement patterns and their characteristics. Account for linear settlement patterns. Give examples of each pattern type from East Africa.

Teacher explains nucleated settlements around oases and mining areas. Discussion on dispersed settlements in plateau areas and large holdings. Analysis of linear settlements along rivers, roads and transport lines. Students identify settlement patterns in their local area.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 204-206

SETTLEMENT

Distribution of Major Urban Centres in East Africa
Factors Influencing Growth of Major Urban Centres in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify categories of urban centres in East Africa. Locate capital cities, sea ports and lake ports. Describe mining towns, industrial towns and collecting towns. Account for gap towns and administrative towns.

Map work identifying major urban centres across East Africa. Discussion on capital cities: Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Kampala. Study of sea ports and lake ports with their functions. Analysis of different town categories with specific examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 206-208

SETTLEMENT

Case Studies - Thika as Industrial Centre and Kisumu as Lake Port

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Thika's location and industrial development. Explain factors favouring Thika's growth as industrial centre. Account for Kisumu's development as major lake port. Analyze factors contributing to Kisumu's growth and importance.

Study of Thika's strategic location and major industries. Analysis of factors including road network, proximity to Nairobi, and water supply. Discussion on Kisumu's history from Port Florence to major lake port. Examination of Kisumu's advantages including strategic location and population density.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 210-213

SETTLEMENT

Case Study - Eldoret as Agricultural Collecting Centre

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Eldoret's location and historical development. Explain factors making Eldoret a leading agricultural collecting centre. Account for Eldoret's growth and expansion. Analyze Eldoret's multiple functions beyond agriculture.

Discussion on Eldoret's establishment by white settlers and agricultural focus. Analysis of strategic location along Nairobi-Kampala route. Study of collection and export facilities including airport and pipeline. Examination of administrative, educational and tourism functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 213-215

SETTLEMENT

Nairobi City Development
Problems Facing Nairobi and New York City Comparison

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Trace Nairobi's growth from railway camp to major city. Explain factors influencing Nairobi's development. Describe Nairobi's current status and international importance. Account for various functions performed by Nairobi.

Study of Nairobi's origins during railway construction and strategic advantages. Analysis of factors including climate, water supply and central location. Discussion on Nairobi's elevation to city status and international organizations. Examination of industrial, administrative, educational and commercial functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 215-217

SETTLEMENT

Mombasa Port Development and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mombasa's location and physical setting. Explain factors contributing to Mombasa's growth as major port. Account for modern developments at Kilindini Harbour. Analyze Mombasa's role as tourist and cultural centre.

Study of Mombasa's strategic coastal location and island setting. Analysis of railway connection and modern harbour facilities. Discussion on containerisation and Ro-Ro methods. Examination of oil refinery establishment and large hinterland.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 221-224

SETTLEMENT

Rotterdam Port and Comparison with Mombasa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rotterdam's location and development history. Explain factors leading to Rotterdam's growth as world's busiest port. Account for modern facilities and extensive hinterland. Compare similarities and differences between Mombasa and Rotterdam ports.

Study of Rotterdam's location at river mouths and historical challenges. Analysis of New Waterway canal construction and Europoort development. Discussion on strategic location and modern cargo handling facilities. Comparison of both ports' hinterlands, facilities and functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 224-227

SETTLEMENT

Effects of Urbanisation - Social and Economic Problems
Effects of Urbanisation and Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain congestion problems in urban areas. Describe unemployment and pressure on social amenities. Account for environmental degradation in cities. Analyze increased crime and family breakdown issues.

Discussion on urban congestion during rush hours and events. Analysis of unemployment problems and job market limitations. Study of pressure on educational, health and infrastructure facilities. Examination of pollution, noise and garbage management problems.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 227-230

MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Introduction to Environment, Management and Conservation
The Need for Environmental Management and Conservation
Environmental Hazards: Natural Disasters

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms environment, biodiversity, ecosystem, environmental management and conservation. Explain the relationship between living and non-living components of environment. Outline reasons for environmental management and conservation.

Q/A: Review previous knowledge on environment from earlier classes. Teacher exposition on key terms with examples. Group discussion on local environmental components. Students identify examples of natural and social environments in their locality. Brainstorming on importance of environmental conservation.

Charts showing ecosystem components, Pictures of local environment, Newspaper cuttings on environmental issues
Maps showing conservation areas in Kenya, Photos of endangered species, Economic data charts
World maps showing disaster-prone areas, Photos/videos of natural disasters, Richter Scale charts, News reports on recent disasters

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 228-231

MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Environmental Hazards: Drought, Fires and Other Hazards
Floods: Causes, Effects and Control Measures
Lightning, Windstorms, Pests and Diseases
Pollution: Types, Causes and Control Measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the causes and effects of drought and desertification. Explain the impact of water spouts, toxic gas leaks, fires and oil spills. Analyze the relationship between environmental degradation and environmental refugees.

Review previous hazards through Q/A. Detailed discussion on drought and desertification in Horn of Africa. Case studies: Nigeria oil pipeline explosion (2000), Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1984), Bhopal gas leak (1989). Group work on effects of oil spills with Mombasa 2005 example. Students research on environmental refugees in Africa.

Maps of drought-prone areas in Africa, Photos of desertification, Newspaper reports on industrial accidents, Charts showing oil spill effects
Maps of flood-prone areas in Kenya, Photos of flood damage, Diagrams of flood control structures, Case study materials
Diagrams of lightning formation, Photos of lightning arresters, Maps showing tsetse fly distribution, Health campaign materials, Charts on pest control methods
Photos of polluted environments, Charts showing pollution sources, Water quality test kits, Sound level meters (if available), Government policy documents

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 235-236