STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction and Age-Sex Pyramids Concept
Analysis and Interpretation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define statistical methods and age-sex pyramids; Recall previous statistical methods from Forms 1-3; Explain the structure and components of age-sex pyramids; Identify cohorts and age-group divisions

Q/A session reviewing previous statistical methods; Introduction to Form 4 advanced methods; Detailed explanation of age-sex pyramid concept using Kenya 1999 census data; Examination of pyramid structure and cohort identification

Sample age-sex pyramids; Kenya census data; Charts showing graph types; Textbook examples
Kenya and developed country pyramid examples; Comparison charts; Statistical data; Population analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-4

STATISTICAL METHODS

Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify advantages and limitations of age-sex pyramids; Evaluate usefulness for planning purposes; Apply pyramid analysis to real scenarios; Assess pyramid effectiveness for data presentation

Brainstorming on advantages and disadvantages; Discussion on planning applications and limitations; Case study analysis for government planning; Review and consolidation of pyramid concepts and skills

Advantage/disadvantage charts; Planning scenario examples; Case study materials; Review worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 7-8

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction, Concepts and Construction Factors
Practical Construction and Location Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define dot maps and distribution maps; Explain dot value, size and location principles; Calculate appropriate dot values; Apply factors for effective dot mapping

Introduction to dot mapping concepts and quantitative symbols; Explanation of three key factors: dot value, size, location; Practical calculation of dot values using livestock data; Discussion on avoiding overcrowding and sparse distribution

Sample dot maps; Livestock data tables; Calculators; Various sized dots; Dotting pens
Base maps; Dotting pens; Relief maps; Settlement maps; Bungoma livestock data; Practice materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 8-11

STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction, Definition and Construction Steps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define choropleth maps and density concepts; Calculate population/area densities; Apply systematic construction steps; Determine appropriate classification systems

Introduction to choropleth mapping and Greek origins; Explanation of density calculations; Step-by-step construction demonstration; Practice with density calculations and classification methods

Sample choropleth maps; Calculators; Area data; Classification examples; Density calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 14-16

STATISTICAL METHODS

Shading Techniques and Practical Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply progressive shading techniques; Use appropriate patterns and symbols; Construct complete choropleth maps; Create professional presentations with proper keys

Demonstration of shading methods and proportional techniques; Practical construction using Region A data; Application of learned shading techniques; Individual mapping work with quality review

Shading materials; Pattern examples; Region A data; Base maps; Rulers; Final presentation materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 16-18

STATISTICAL METHODS

Analysis, Comparison and Comprehensive Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret choropleth map patterns; Compare all three statistical methods; Select appropriate methods for different data types; Demonstrate mastery through practical application

Analysis of completed choropleth maps; Comprehensive comparison of age-sex pyramids, dot maps, and choropleth maps; Method selection scenarios; Final assessment and practical application exercise

Completed maps; Comparison charts; Various data sets; Assessment materials; Method selection guides

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 1-19

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Introduction and Irrigation Schemes Overview
Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme - Location and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define land reclamation and land rehabilitation; Distinguish between the two concepts; Identify major irrigation schemes in Kenya; Explain Kenya's irrigation potential and the role of NIB

Q/A on land use concepts; Teacher explanation of reclamation vs rehabilitation; Study of Kenya's 540,000 hectares potential; Examination of Table 2.1 showing 13 major schemes; Map work locating schemes

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Notebook; Pen/pencil
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 12-14

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Scheme - Management and Cultivation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain management structure and 1999 farmers' revolt; Describe rice cultivation techniques; Analyze plot preparation and water management; Calculate yields and productivity

Study of NIB role and cooperative formation; Detailed examination of paddy field preparation; Analysis of bund construction and canal systems; Discussion on 5-month growth cycle and 14 bags per hectare yield

Chalkboard; Textbook; Calculator; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 16-18

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Mwea-Tebere Benefits, Problems and Perkerra Scheme
Significance and Problems of Irrigation in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify benefits and success factors of Mwea; Analyze major problems facing the scheme; Compare with Perkerra irrigation scheme; Evaluate location factors and challenges

Analysis of seven major benefits and success factors; Study of 11 problems including diseases, pests, and management issues; Examination of Perkerra location in Baringo County; Discussion on contract farming and Kenya Seed Company role

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 18-22

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Methods - Drainage, Irrigation Types and Pest Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain drainage methods for swamp reclamation; Describe six types of irrigation techniques; Analyze pest control as land reclamation; Study tse-tse fly control methods

Study of U-shaped and V-shaped drainage ditches; Detailed examination of bucket, flood, sprinkler, trickle, canal, and drip irrigation; Analysis of pest organisms impact; Discussion on tse-tse control through various methods

Chalkboard; Textbook; Water bucket; Small stones; Exercise book

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 24-29

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Afforestation, Soil Conservation and ASAL Management
Kenya Case Studies - Lambwe Valley and Swamp Drainage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between afforestation and reafforestation; Explain erosion control methods; Identify ASAL areas and their management; Describe drought-resistant crops and agroforestry

Study of tree planting and forest replacement; Analysis of terracing, gabions, and contour farming; Examination of ASAL distribution across six provinces; Discussion on drought-resistant crops and ICRAF role

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Tree seedlings; Exercise book
Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 29-32

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Netherlands Land Reclamation - Introduction and Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Netherlands geography and reclamation history; Explain the concept of polders; Analyze three main reclamation methods; Understand polder construction process

Study of Netherlands' land below sea level; Historical analysis from 13th century to modern methods; Examination of sea/marsh/lake reclamation; Step-by-step analysis of polder construction with ring canals and dykes

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-40

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Zuyder Zee and Delta Plan Projects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Zuyder Zee project development and benefits; Explain 1953 disaster and Delta Plan response; Analyze project outcomes and impacts; Evaluate flood prevention measures

Detailed study of 1927-1932 Zuyder Zee timeline; Analysis of Great Dyke construction and five polders; Study of 1953 disaster impact; Examination of Delta Plan objectives and four estuary closures

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 40-44

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Comparison and Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare Kenya and Netherlands reclamation methods; Identify similarities and differences; Evaluate success factors; Synthesize all concepts and prepare for assessment

Analysis of six similarities and five major differences; Comparative study of technology levels and approaches; Comprehensive review of all reclamation methods; Application of concepts to new scenarios and assessment preparation

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya and world maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 45-46, Review Pages 12-46

FISHING

Introduction and Factors Influencing Fishing - Plankton and Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define fishing, fisheries, and fish farming; Explain the presence of plankton and its importance; Analyze the influence of ocean currents on fish distribution; Describe the relationship between water temperature and fish populations

Q/A on previous knowledge of water bodies and fish; Teacher explanation of fishing concepts and terminology; Study of plankton types (zoo and phyto-plankton); Analysis of ocean current effects using Africa map; Discussion on water depth limitations (180m) and temperature effects (24°C)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya and Africa maps; Exercise book; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 31-33

FISHING

Factors Influencing Fishing - Coastline, Capital, Technology and Market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how coastline nature affects fishing; Analyze the role of capital in fishing development; Evaluate the importance of technology in fishing; Assess the influence of large markets and transport on fishing

Study of continental shelf importance and shallow waters; Analysis of sheltered coastlines and coral reef barriers; Discussion on capital requirements for commercial fishing; Examination of technology differences between developed and developing countries; Study of market and transport needs

Chalkboard; Textbook; World map; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 33-34

FISHING

Major World Fishing Grounds - Atlantic Ocean

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major fishing grounds worldwide; Describe North-West Atlantic fishing grounds; Explain factors favoring North-West Atlantic development; Analyze North-East Atlantic fishing grounds and their characteristics

Study of global fishing ground distribution using Figure 3.2; Detailed analysis of Grand Bank, Sable Bank, and George's Bank; Examination of cold Labrador and warm Gulf Stream convergence; Discussion on population and technological factors in Atlantic fishing

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 34-37

FISHING

Major World Fishing Grounds - Pacific Ocean and Comparison
Fishing Grounds in Africa - Marine and Inland Fisheries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Pacific Ocean fishing grounds; Explain North-East and North-West Pacific characteristics; Compare Atlantic and Pacific fishing grounds; Analyze factors contributing to fishing ground development

Study of North-East Pacific (West Coast North America) salmon fishing; Analysis of North-West Pacific (North-East Asia) as world's largest fishing ground; Examination of current convergence effects; Comparison of technological advancement in different regions

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-39

FISHING

Types and Methods of Fishing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between four main types of fishing; Explain pelagic and demersal fishing characteristics; Describe inshore and freshwater fishing; Compare traditional and modern fishing methods

Study of pelagic fishing (surface fish in shoals); Analysis of demersal fishing (bottom fish, large size); Examination of inshore fishing (coastal, subsistence); Discussion on freshwater fishing in various water bodies; Introduction to traditional vs modern methods

Chalkboard; Textbook; Fishing net sample; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 42-44

FISHING

Traditional Fishing Methods
Modern Fishing Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify traditional fishing methods; Explain harpooning, baskets, and traps techniques; Describe barriers, gill nets, and herbs methods; Analyze hand lines and their effectiveness

Detailed study of harpooning using spears and arrows; Examination of basket placement in shallow waters; Analysis of trap construction using reeds and cones; Discussion on seasonal barrier methods and gill net effectiveness; Study of herb use and hand line techniques

Chalkboard; Textbook; Basket sample; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Small rope sample

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 44-47

FISHING

Fisheries in East Africa - Kenya Marine and Inland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Kenya's fishing potential and reality; Explain marine fishing along Kenyan coast; Analyze problems facing marine fishing; Evaluate inland fishing grounds and their importance

Study of Kenya's coastline and drainage system potential; Analysis of marine fishing limitations and small-scale operations; Examination of problems (small market, lack of refrigeration, foreign competition); Detailed study of inland fishing in lakes Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha, Baringo, and Chala

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 49-53

FISHING

Fish Farming in Kenya and Fishing in Tanzania/Uganda

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fish farming establishment and management; Describe fish pond construction and fish feeding; Compare fishing in Tanzania and Uganda; Analyze East African fishing patterns

Study of fish pond construction on impervious soils; Analysis of fingerling sources and fish feeding methods; Examination of tilapia, trout, and mudfish farming; Comparison of Tanzania's Lake Victoria and Tanganyika fishing; Study of Uganda's landlocked fishing advantages

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 53-56

FISHING

Significance and Problems of Fishing Industry in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify economic and social significance of fishing; Analyze employment and development benefits; Examine major problems facing fishing industry; Suggest solutions to fishing problems

Study of fishing as income source and employment creator; Analysis of tourist attraction and protein source benefits; Examination of transport development and port growth; Detailed study of problems (over-fishing, pollution, inadequate capital, transport, new species, weeds, dangerous animals, limited market, accidents, few cooperatives)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 56-60

FISHING

Significance and Problems of Fishing Industry in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify economic and social significance of fishing; Analyze employment and development benefits; Examine major problems facing fishing industry; Suggest solutions to fishing problems

Study of fishing as income source and employment creator; Analysis of tourist attraction and protein source benefits; Examination of transport development and port growth; Detailed study of problems (over-fishing, pollution, inadequate capital, transport, new species, weeds, dangerous animals, limited market, accidents, few cooperatives)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 56-60

FISHING

Fishing in Japan - Factors and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors making Japan a leading fishing nation; Analyze Japan's fishing advantages; Describe Japanese fishing technology and methods; Compare Japanese and Kenyan fishing

Study of Japan's rugged terrain and island nature; Analysis of extensive continental shelf and current convergence; Examination of advanced technology and ship building; Discussion on lucrative markets and large population; Comparison of similarities and differences with Kenya

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 60-64

FISHING

Management and Conservation of Fisheries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for fisheries management; Describe conservation methods and techniques; Analyze international agreements and cooperation; Evaluate artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Study of declining fish resources globally; Analysis of management measures (licensing, banning, size restrictions); Examination of conservation techniques (restocking, research, pollution control); Discussion on Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and international cooperation; Study of artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 64-66

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Definition of Wildlife and Factors Influencing Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define wildlife and identify main types in East Africa; Explain factors influencing wildlife distribution; Analyze the role of vegetation cover in wildlife distribution; Evaluate the influence of water presence on wildlife habitats

Q/A on previous knowledge of animals and plants; Teacher explanation of wildlife concept and examples; Study of birds, insects, and animals in East Africa; Discussion on vegetation types and their influence on different wildlife species; Analysis of water bodies and their wildlife inhabitants

Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 60-61

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Factors Influencing Wildlife Distribution - Climate, Soils and Human Activities
Game Parks - Types and Distinctions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how climate affects wildlife distribution; Analyze the role of altitude and rainfall in wildlife patterns; Describe how soils influence wildlife habitats; Evaluate human impact on wildlife distribution

Study of temperature and altitude effects on wildlife; Analysis of rainfall distribution and vegetation variety; Discussion on soil types and plant species relationships; Examination of human activities impact (settlement, agriculture, chemicals, mining, hunting, fishing methods)

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map
Chalkboard; Textbook; East Africa map; Exercise book; Pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 61-62

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Distribution of Parks and Significance of Wildlife

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate major National Parks and Reserves in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania; Identify marine parks in the region; Explain economic significance of wildlife; Analyze benefits of wildlife conservation

Map work locating parks using Figure 4.1; Study of Kenya's parks (Tsavo, Mt Kenya, Nairobi, Amboseli), Uganda's parks (Bwindi, Murchison Falls), Tanzania's parks (Serengeti, Kilimanjaro); Analysis of wildlife benefits: foreign exchange, employment, education, infrastructure development

Chalkboard; East Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 64-66

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Problems Facing Wildlife in East Africa
Wildlife Management and Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major problems threatening wildlife; Explain poaching and its impacts on wildlife populations; Analyze human encroachment and insecurity issues; Evaluate environmental threats to wildlife

Study of poaching for tusks, horns, skins, and meat; Analysis of human population pressure and encroachment; Discussion on insecurity in parks like Kidepo Valley and Kora; Examination of overpopulation effects in Tsavo; Study of pollution, drought, and bush fires impacts

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Wildlife photos
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 66-69

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Tourism - Definitions and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define tourism, tourists, and eco-tourism; Distinguish between domestic and international tourism; Explain characteristics of eco-tourism; Analyze mass tourism vs sustainable tourism concepts

Teacher explanation of tourism concepts and terminology; Study of eco-tourism principles and environmental protection; Analysis of domestic vs international tourism patterns; Discussion on sustainable tourism practices and community involvement; Examination of tourism statistics and origins of tourists to Kenya

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 71-74

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Factors Influencing Tourism in Kenya
Tourist Attractions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify factors that make Kenya a major tourist destination; Explain the role of publicity and marketing in tourism; Analyze the importance of peace and security; Evaluate infrastructure and facility development

Study of government publicity campaigns and international exhibitions; Analysis of packaged tours and trained personnel at Utalii College; Discussion on political stability and terrorism threats; Examination of tourist hotels, wildlife conservation measures, and transport networks

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map
Chalkboard; Textbook; Kenya map; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 74-76

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Significance and Problems of Tourism in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze economic and social significance of tourism; Evaluate tourism's contribution to national development; Identify major problems facing tourism industry; Suggest solutions to tourism challenges

Study of foreign exchange earnings and employment creation; Analysis of agricultural promotion and revenue generation; Examination of problems: insecurity, terrorism, adverse publicity, high costs; Discussion on solutions and government initiatives to address challenges

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 80-83

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Significance and Problems of Tourism in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze economic and social significance of tourism; Evaluate tourism's contribution to national development; Identify major problems facing tourism industry; Suggest solutions to tourism challenges

Study of foreign exchange earnings and employment creation; Analysis of agricultural promotion and revenue generation; Examination of problems: insecurity, terrorism, adverse publicity, high costs; Discussion on solutions and government initiatives to address challenges

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 80-83

WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

Tourism in Switzerland and Comparison with Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe tourism development in Switzerland; Explain factors influencing Swiss tourism; Compare similarities and differences between Kenya and Switzerland tourism; Evaluate future prospects of tourism in Kenya

Study of Switzerland's Alpine scenery and climate attractions; Analysis of infrastructure, neutrality policy, and language diversity; Comparison of tourism features, attractions, and development levels; Discussion on Kenya's tourism future: security improvements, aggressive promotion, tariff adjustments

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 84-87