Statistical Methods

Compound Bar Graphs - Interpretation and Advantages/Disadvantages
Proportional Circles - Construction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret compound/cumulative bar graphs
State advantages and disadvantages of compound/cumulative bar graphs
Comment on trend of each variable
Suggest possible reasons to explain trends

Probing questions and brief discussion on interpretation; Analysis of trends in agricultural production; Exposition of advantages: different variables on one bar, clear totals, clear comparisons; Discussion of disadvantages: tedious calculations, false impressions, interpretation difficulties

Previously constructed graphs, Analysis worksheets
Calculators, Compasses, Table 1.3 sugar production data, Plain paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-4

Statistical Methods

Simple Pie Charts - Construction
Proportional Divided Circles - Construction
Pie Charts - Analysis and Interpretation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Systematically convert each component as percentage of whole
Convert percentage into degrees (360° = 100%)
Draw circle of convenient size using compass
Measure and draw calculated angles using protractor
Establish contribution of variable in percentage
Identify circles representing total values
Describe nature of variables in segments
Compare circle sizes and segment proportions

Students determine value of angles for the variables; Exposition of conversion from raw data to percentages to degrees; Guided practical activity using land use example; Practice measuring angles starting with largest segment clockwise; Brief discussion on proper labeling and shading
Analysis of Fig. 1.4 land use pie chart; Detailed discussion of Fig. 1.5 proportional divided circles; Practice establishing percentage contributions; Oral questions and brief discussion on HIV/AIDS as leading cause; Group work analyzing different pie charts

Protractors, Compasses, Land use data example, Colored pencils
Table 1.9 mortality data, Square root tables, Construction materials
Constructed pie charts, Fig. 1.4 and Fig. 1.5 references, Analysis guidelines

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 5-7
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 7-9

Statistical Methods

Advantages and Disadvantages of All Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of each statistical method
Identify disadvantages and limitations
Compare different methods of data presentation
Evaluate when to use each method appropriately

Brain storming on advantages of each method; Detailed discussion of disadvantages: tedious calculations, time-consuming construction, difficulty with small values; Comparison of visual impressions and data types; Q/A on appropriate method selection

Comparison charts, Various sample statistical presentations, Method evaluation criteria

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-10

Map Work

Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify hilly or mountainous relief characteristics
Recognize V-shaped valleys and U-shaped contours
Determine nature of slope using contour patterns, spacing and height
Distinguish between even, convex and concave slopes

Detailed discussion on hilly/mountainous relief using Figure 2.3(a); Study of valley formation using Figure 2.3(b); Explanation of slope types using Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6; Practice identifying slope characteristics and intervisibility

Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 14-17

Map Work

Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify all drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel
Suggest geological conditions for each drainage pattern
Recognize lakes, swamps, waterfalls and artificial hydrographic features
Use water features to interpret climate and geological conditions

Detailed discussion of all drainage patterns using Figures 2.15-2.21; Analysis of tributary junction angles and geological implications; Study of Figure 2.22 showing artificial features; Practice identifying patterns and making geological interpretations

Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 22-25

Map Work
Glaciation

Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility
Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate vertical exaggeration as ratio of horizontal to vertical scale
Determine appropriate exaggeration using relief amplitude guidelines
Calculate gradient using normal and trigonometric ratios
Determine intervisibility by drawing cross-sections and calculating gradients
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Exposition of vertical exaggeration calculation using Table 2.2 guidelines; Demonstration of gradient calculation using Figure 2.30 with both methods; Analysis of intervisibility using Figure 2.31; Practice calculating line of sight and identifying dead ground areas
Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables
Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 36-39
KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

AGRICULTURE

Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify tea growing highlands; Explain growing conditions (21°C, 1000-2000mm, 1000-1700m); Describe cultivation and processing

Study Figure 13.8 tea areas; Discuss tea varieties; Analyze cultivation process; Step-by-step processing at 100°C

Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 253-257

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe nomadic pastoralism areas and groups; Explain characteristics; Identify dairy farming regions using Table 13.1

Study Figure 13.29 pastoral patterns; Discuss government improvements; Analyze Table 13.1 distribution; Study dairy breeds

Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 299-313

AGRICULTURE
STATISTICAL METHODS

Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork
Introduction, Definition and Construction Steps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare traditional and commercial beef farming; Describe Argentina's Pampas system; Plan agricultural fieldwork
Define choropleth maps and density concepts; Calculate population/area densities; Apply systematic construction steps; Determine appropriate classification systems

Analyze KMC operations; Study Argentine estancias; Discuss Kaputiei Scheme; Practice fieldwork planning
Introduction to choropleth mapping and Greek origins; Explanation of density calculations; Step-by-step construction demonstration; Practice with density calculations and classification methods

Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets
Sample choropleth maps; Calculators; Area data; Classification examples; Density calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 313-327
KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 14-16

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Significance and Problems of Irrigation in Kenya
Netherlands Land Reclamation - Introduction and Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of irrigation farming in Kenya; Analyze economic and social benefits; Identify major problems facing irrigation; Suggest solutions to irrigation challenges

Study of nine significance points including foreign exchange savings; Analysis of settlement benefits and infrastructure development; Comprehensive examination of 11 major problems; Discussion on collapsed schemes and solution strategies

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map
Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Ruler

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 22-24

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Zuyder Zee and Delta Plan Projects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Zuyder Zee project development and benefits; Explain 1953 disaster and Delta Plan response; Analyze project outcomes and impacts; Evaluate flood prevention measures

Detailed study of 1927-1932 Zuyder Zee timeline; Analysis of Great Dyke construction and five polders; Study of 1953 disaster impact; Examination of Delta Plan objectives and four estuary closures

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 40-44

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

Comparison and Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare Kenya and Netherlands reclamation methods; Identify similarities and differences; Evaluate success factors; Synthesize all concepts and prepare for assessment

Analysis of six similarities and five major differences; Comparative study of technology levels and approaches; Comprehensive review of all reclamation methods; Application of concepts to new scenarios and assessment preparation

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya and world maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 45-46, Review Pages 12-46

FISHING

Major World Fishing Grounds - Pacific Ocean and Comparison
Fishing Grounds in Africa - Marine and Inland Fisheries
Types and Methods of Fishing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Pacific Ocean fishing grounds; Explain North-East and North-West Pacific characteristics; Compare Atlantic and Pacific fishing grounds; Analyze factors contributing to fishing ground development
Identify major fishing grounds in Africa; Explain why Africa is not a major fish producer; Describe marine fishing countries and their advantages; Analyze inland fisheries and their characteristics

Study of North-East Pacific (West Coast North America) salmon fishing; Analysis of North-West Pacific (North-East Asia) as world's largest fishing ground; Examination of current convergence effects; Comparison of technological advancement in different regions
Study of Africa's limited fish production (less than 8%); Analysis of warm ocean waters and coral reef limitations; Examination of major marine fishing countries (South Africa, Namibia, Morocco); Discussion on inland fishing in lakes and rivers using traditional methods

Chalkboard; World map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen
Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pencil
Chalkboard; Textbook; Fishing net sample; Exercise book; Pen

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 37-39
KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 39-42

FISHING

Management and Conservation of Fisheries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for fisheries management; Describe conservation methods and techniques; Analyze international agreements and cooperation; Evaluate artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Study of declining fish resources globally; Analysis of management measures (licensing, banning, size restrictions); Examination of conservation techniques (restocking, research, pollution control); Discussion on Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and international cooperation; Study of artificial fertilization and fish farming promotion

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 64-66

SETTLEMENT

Definition of Settlement and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define human settlement and distinguish between rural and urban settlements. Explain characteristics of rural settlements. Describe functions of urban settlements. Account for urbanisation concept and its origins.

Q/A on local settlement types and characteristics. Teacher explains settlement definitions and types. Discussion on rural settlements and primary activities. Analysis of urban settlements and secondary/tertiary functions. Study of urbanisation concept from Greek origins.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 198-200

SETTLEMENT

Definition of Settlement and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define human settlement and distinguish between rural and urban settlements. Explain characteristics of rural settlements. Describe functions of urban settlements. Account for urbanisation concept and its origins.

Q/A on local settlement types and characteristics. Teacher explains settlement definitions and types. Discussion on rural settlements and primary activities. Analysis of urban settlements and secondary/tertiary functions. Study of urbanisation concept from Greek origins.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 198-200

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Geographical Factors
Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Economic and Other Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the influence of climate on settlement location. Describe how landforms affect settlement patterns. Account for the role of environmental diseases in settlement decisions. Analyze the impact of soil fertility and water bodies on settlement.
Explain economic factors influencing settlement patterns. Describe the role of defence and security in settlement location. Account for government planning effects on settlement. Analyze cultural practices and historical factors.

Discussion on climate factors including rainfall and temperature effects. Analysis of landform influences and elevation preferences. Study of disease-affected areas and their sparse settlement. Examination of soil fertility and water body influences on settlement density.
Analysis of economic activities affecting settlement including nomadic pastoralism and arable farming. Discussion on defence considerations and historical hill settlements. Study of government settlement schemes and planning policies. Examination of cultural practices and tribal sentiments affecting distribution.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 200-202
KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 202-204

SETTLEMENT

Settlement Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define and describe nucleated settlement patterns. Explain dispersed settlement patterns and their characteristics. Account for linear settlement patterns. Give examples of each pattern type from East Africa.

Teacher explains nucleated settlements around oases and mining areas. Discussion on dispersed settlements in plateau areas and large holdings. Analysis of linear settlements along rivers, roads and transport lines. Students identify settlement patterns in their local area.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 204-206

SETTLEMENT

Distribution of Major Urban Centres in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify categories of urban centres in East Africa. Locate capital cities, sea ports and lake ports. Describe mining towns, industrial towns and collecting towns. Account for gap towns and administrative towns.

Map work identifying major urban centres across East Africa. Discussion on capital cities: Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Kampala. Study of sea ports and lake ports with their functions. Analysis of different town categories with specific examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 206-208

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Growth of Major Urban Centres in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rural-urban migration as a growth factor. Describe natural population growth in urban areas. Account for infrastructure development effects. Analyze industrialisation, mining and tourism impacts on urban growth.

Discussion on rural-urban migration patterns and causes. Analysis of natural urban population growth and demographic factors. Study of transport infrastructure and accessibility advantages. Examination of industrial development and mining effects on town growth.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 208-210

SETTLEMENT

Case Studies - Thika as Industrial Centre and Kisumu as Lake Port

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Thika's location and industrial development. Explain factors favouring Thika's growth as industrial centre. Account for Kisumu's development as major lake port. Analyze factors contributing to Kisumu's growth and importance.

Study of Thika's strategic location and major industries. Analysis of factors including road network, proximity to Nairobi, and water supply. Discussion on Kisumu's history from Port Florence to major lake port. Examination of Kisumu's advantages including strategic location and population density.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 210-213

SETTLEMENT

Case Study - Eldoret as Agricultural Collecting Centre

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Eldoret's location and historical development. Explain factors making Eldoret a leading agricultural collecting centre. Account for Eldoret's growth and expansion. Analyze Eldoret's multiple functions beyond agriculture.

Discussion on Eldoret's establishment by white settlers and agricultural focus. Analysis of strategic location along Nairobi-Kampala route. Study of collection and export facilities including airport and pipeline. Examination of administrative, educational and tourism functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 213-215

SETTLEMENT

Nairobi City Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Trace Nairobi's growth from railway camp to major city. Explain factors influencing Nairobi's development. Describe Nairobi's current status and international importance. Account for various functions performed by Nairobi.

Study of Nairobi's origins during railway construction and strategic advantages. Analysis of factors including climate, water supply and central location. Discussion on Nairobi's elevation to city status and international organizations. Examination of industrial, administrative, educational and commercial functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 215-217

SETTLEMENT

Problems Facing Nairobi and New York City Comparison

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major problems facing Nairobi City. Describe New York City's location and development factors. Compare growth factors between Nairobi and New York. Analyze similarities and differences between the two cities.

Analysis of Nairobi's problems including unemployment, housing, pollution and traffic congestion. Study of New York's location on islands and historical development. Discussion on New York's advantages as international centre and transport hub. Comparison of similarities and differences between both cities.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 217-221

SETTLEMENT

Mombasa Port Development and Functions
Rotterdam Port and Comparison with Mombasa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mombasa's location and physical setting. Explain factors contributing to Mombasa's growth as major port. Account for modern developments at Kilindini Harbour. Analyze Mombasa's role as tourist and cultural centre.
Describe Rotterdam's location and development history. Explain factors leading to Rotterdam's growth as world's busiest port. Account for modern facilities and extensive hinterland. Compare similarities and differences between Mombasa and Rotterdam ports.

Study of Mombasa's strategic coastal location and island setting. Analysis of railway connection and modern harbour facilities. Discussion on containerisation and Ro-Ro methods. Examination of oil refinery establishment and large hinterland.
Study of Rotterdam's location at river mouths and historical challenges. Analysis of New Waterway canal construction and Europoort development. Discussion on strategic location and modern cargo handling facilities. Comparison of both ports' hinterlands, facilities and functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 221-224
KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 224-227

SETTLEMENT

Rotterdam Port and Comparison with Mombasa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rotterdam's location and development history. Explain factors leading to Rotterdam's growth as world's busiest port. Account for modern facilities and extensive hinterland. Compare similarities and differences between Mombasa and Rotterdam ports.

Study of Rotterdam's location at river mouths and historical challenges. Analysis of New Waterway canal construction and Europoort development. Discussion on strategic location and modern cargo handling facilities. Comparison of both ports' hinterlands, facilities and functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 224-227

SETTLEMENT

Effects of Urbanisation - Social and Economic Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain congestion problems in urban areas. Describe unemployment and pressure on social amenities. Account for environmental degradation in cities. Analyze increased crime and family breakdown issues.

Discussion on urban congestion during rush hours and events. Analysis of unemployment problems and job market limitations. Study of pressure on educational, health and infrastructure facilities. Examination of pollution, noise and garbage management problems.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 227-230

SETTLEMENT

Effects of Urbanisation and Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe mental health disorders and housing problems in cities. Explain juvenile delinquency and urban sprawl issues. Suggest solutions to urbanisation problems. Evaluate effectiveness of proposed solutions.

Analysis of stress-related mental health problems in urban areas. Discussion on housing shortage leading to slum development. Study of youth problems and criminal activities. Examination of urban sprawl affecting agricultural land. Students suggest practical solutions to urbanisation challenges.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 230-232