ENERGY

Definition and Types of Energy Sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define energy in geographical context; Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources; Identify examples of renewable energy sources; Explain the characteristics of renewable energy

Q/A on previous knowledge of power and fuel; Teacher explanation of energy definition and importance in production; Study of renewable vs non-renewable classification; Examination of renewable sources: solar, wind, tidal, wave, hydro, geothermal, biomass; Discussion on recycling ability of renewable sources

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen/pencil; Sample solar panel if available

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 87-88

ENERGY

Renewable Energy Sources - Solar, Wind, Tidal and Wave
Renewable Energy Sources - Hydro, Geothermal and Biomass
Non-renewable Energy Sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe solar energy and its applications; Explain wind energy production and limitations; Analyze tidal energy harnessing; Evaluate wave energy potential and challenges

Study of solar energy availability in tropical countries; Analysis of wind energy reliability and Kenya's wind turbine capacity; Examination of tidal energy at River Rance, France; Discussion on wave energy production and limitations; Analysis of costs and viability in developing countries

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; World map; Wind direction indicator if available
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Kenya map; Charcoal sample
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy consumption tables

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 88-91

ENERGY

Hydro-Electric Power Stations in Kenya
HEP Projects in Uganda and Africa
Significance of Energy and Energy Crisis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe development of HEP in Kenya; Explain the Seven Forks Scheme on River Tana; Analyze factors favoring HEP development; Evaluate benefits and problems of Tana River projects

Study of Kenya's HEP development from independence; Detailed analysis of Seven Forks Scheme stations (Kindaruma, Kamburu, Gitaru, Masinga, Kiambere); Examination of factors: large water volume, hard basement rock, waterfalls, deep valleys; Discussion on benefits and challenges facing the projects

Chalkboard; Kenya map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; HEP station photos if available
Chalkboard; Africa map; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Comparative charts
Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Calculator; Economic impact charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 97-100

ENERGY
INDUSTRY

Management and Conservation of Energy
Introduction and Factors Influencing Industrial Location

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain energy management and conservation strategies; Analyze government measures to reduce oil dependence; Evaluate alternative energy solutions; Suggest practical conservation methods

Study of energy management definition and conservation principles; Analysis of government strategies: limiting oil usage, consumer pricing, taxation policies; Examination of alternative energy promotion: solar power, windmills, biogas, coal importation; Discussion on practical conservation: energy-saving devices, public transport, proper maintenance

Chalkboard; Textbook; Exercise book; Pen; Energy-saving bulb if available; Conservation posters
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 106-108

INDUSTRY

Factors Influencing Industrial Location

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the role of transport, communication, electricity and water in industrial location. Describe government policies affecting industrial location. Define industrial inertia. Give examples of personal factors in industrial location.

Teacher exposition on infrastructure factors. Case study of Thika's industrial growth. Discussion on government policies and EPZs. Analysis of industrial inertia and personal decision factors.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 110-113

INDUSTRY

Types of Industries - Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Classification and Distribution of Industries in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define and distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Give examples of each type in Kenya. Explain manufacturing and assembly industries. Describe service industries and their characteristics.

Teacher explains the three types of industries with examples. Discussion on manufacturing versus assembly industries. Analysis of motor vehicle assembly plants in Kenya. Students categorise local industries by type.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 113-119

INDUSTRY

Distribution of Industries in Kenya (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe meat processing and non-food agricultural industries. Explain cotton, sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing. Account for timber and paper processing. Identify non-agricultural manufacturing industries.

Teacher explains meat processing and agricultural non-food industries. Discussion on cotton processing from ginneries to textiles. Analysis of sisal, tobacco and pyrethrum processing locations. Study of timber and paper processing industries.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 123-125

INDUSTRY

Manufacturing Industries and Cottage Industries
Jua Kali Industries and Significance of Industrialisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cement production and oil refining in Kenya. Explain metal products and glass making industries. Define cottage industries and their characteristics. Identify types of cottage industries in Kenya.

Study of cement production and oil refining locations. Discussion on metal products and glass making industries. Teacher explains cottage industries concept and characteristics. Analysis of pottery, wood carving and stone carving activities.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 125-128

INDUSTRY

Significance of Industrialisation (continued) and Problems
Problems of Industrialisation and Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain utilisation of natural resources and agricultural enhancement. Describe formation of trade unions and co-operatives. Identify major problems of industrialisation. Explain pollution and its environmental effects.

Discussion on resource utilisation and trade union formation. Analysis of industrialisation problems focusing on pollution. Study of environmental effects from various industries. Brain storming on pollution control measures.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 133-135

INDUSTRY

Cottage Industry in India

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cottage industry development in India. Identify types and characteristics of Indian cottage industries. Describe factors favouring cottage industry development. Account for the significance of cottage industry to Indian economy.

Teacher explains Indian cottage industry development and types. Discussion on characteristics and major centres. Analysis of development factors including cheap labour and local materials. Study of significance to Indian economy.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 142-144

INDUSTRY

Cottage Industry in India (continued) and Problems
Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region of Germany

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain advantages and significance of cottage industry in India. Identify problems facing cottage industries. Suggest solutions to the problems. Compare with cottage industries in Kenya.

Discussion on advantages and economic significance of cottage industries. Analysis of problems including inadequate funds and competition. Examination of solutions through co-operatives and policies. Comparison with Kenyan cottage industries.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 144-146

INDUSTRY

Iron and Steel Industry in Ruhr Region and Car Manufacturing in Japan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of iron and steel industry in Ruhr Region. Identify problems facing the region. Describe Japan's physical features and their influence on industrialisation. Explain historical factors in Japanese industrial development.

Analysis of Ruhr industry significance and problems. Map work on Japan's physical features. Discussion on mountainous terrain limiting agriculture. Study of Meiji Era influence on industrial development and post-war focus on manufacturing.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 148-153

INDUSTRY
POPULATION

Car Manufacturing and Electronics Industry in Japan
Introduction and Population Distribution in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors favouring car and electronics industries in Japan. Identify major industrial zones and car models. Describe significance of car and electronics industries to Japanese economy. Compare Japanese industrial development with other countries studied.

Analysis of factors favouring Japanese car and electronics industries. Discussion on major industrial zones and car models produced. Study of economic significance including foreign exchange and employment. Comparison of industrial development across Japan, Germany and India.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 153-156

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Distribution in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the influence of rainfall and soil fertility on population distribution. Describe the effect of pests and diseases on settlement patterns. Account for the impact of game parks and forests on population distribution.

Discussion on rainfall patterns and their effect on population density. Analysis of highland fertility attracting dense settlement. Study of tsetse fly and mosquito-infested areas affecting population. Examination of game parks and forest reserves as sparsely populated areas.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 178-180

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Population Distribution (continued)
Factors Influencing Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the effect of flooding, urbanisation and insecurity on population distribution. Describe the influence of land ownership and relief on settlement patterns. Account for government policy effects on population distribution.

Analysis of flood-prone areas like Bunyala Plains affecting settlement. Discussion on urbanisation attracting rural-urban migration. Study of insecurity in northern Kenya and Uganda affecting population. Examination of relief barriers and government settlement schemes.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 180-182

POPULATION

Migration and Population Growth Calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain migration types and their causes. Describe push and pull factors in migration. Calculate crude birth rate and crude death rate. Determine population growth rates using demographic data.

Discussion on internal and external migration with local examples. Analysis of migration causes including land pressure and employment opportunities. Teacher demonstrates CBR and CDR calculations. Students practice population growth rate calculations using provided data.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 184-186

POPULATION

Demographic Trends and Transition Theory
Population Structure and Age-Sex Pyramids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain demographic transition theory and its four stages. Describe characteristics of each demographic stage. Account for Kenya's position in demographic transition. Identify factors leading to slow population growth.

Teacher explains demographic transition theory using diagrams. Discussion on each stage characteristics and examples. Analysis of Kenya's current demographic stage with supporting evidence. Study of factors causing slow population growth including warfare and epidemics.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, calculator

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 186-189

POPULATION

Consequences of Population Growth and Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of rapid population growth on GDP. Describe impact on land, forest and water resources. Account for effects on social facilities provision. Analyze impact on food production and employment.

Discussion on population growth effects on economic development. Analysis of land fragmentation and resource pressure. Study of social facilities strain including education and health. Examination of unemployment and dependency ratio impacts.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 192-195

POPULATION

Problems of Slow Population Growth
Population Growth in Kenya - Historical Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify problems associated with slow population growth. Explain effects on labour force and market size. Describe challenges in resource supply and revenue collection. Account for investment and security implications.

Discussion on small population challenges including underutilisation of facilities. Analysis of labour shortage and reduced market problems. Study of expensive resource supply to scattered populations. Examination of limited investment and defence challenges.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 195-196

POPULATION

Factors Influencing Kenya's Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cultural beliefs affecting population growth. Describe the impact of polygamy and naming traditions. Account for health services and food production effects. Analyze the role of modernisation and religion.

Discussion on sex preference and need for more children. Analysis of polygamy and traditional naming practices. Study of improved health care and food production impacts. Examination of modernisation effects and religious influences on birth control.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 198-200

POPULATION

Population Growth in Sweden
Factors Influencing Population Distribution in Sweden

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Sweden's demographic characteristics and growth patterns. Explain factors contributing to slow population growth. Account for Sweden's demographic transition stage. Compare Sweden's population trends with global patterns.

Discussion on Sweden's replacement level population growth. Analysis of factors causing slow growth including urbanisation and contraceptive use. Study of Sweden's fourth demographic transition stage. Examination of economic factors influencing small family preferences.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 200-201

POPULATION

Comparison Between Kenya and Sweden Population Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare similarities in population distribution factors. Contrast differences in growth rates and population structure. Analyze differences in urbanisation patterns and life expectancy. Evaluate demographic policy implications for both countries.

Discussion on similarities including uneven distribution and improved medical care. Analysis of differences in growth rates and age structures. Comparison of urbanisation levels and life expectancy rates. Examination of population policies and their effectiveness in both countries.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 203-205

SETTLEMENT

Definition of Settlement and Types
Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Geographical Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define human settlement and distinguish between rural and urban settlements. Explain characteristics of rural settlements. Describe functions of urban settlements. Account for urbanisation concept and its origins.

Q/A on local settlement types and characteristics. Teacher explains settlement definitions and types. Discussion on rural settlements and primary activities. Analysis of urban settlements and secondary/tertiary functions. Study of urbanisation concept from Greek origins.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 198-200

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Location and Patterns of Settlement - Economic and Other Factors
Settlement Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain economic factors influencing settlement patterns. Describe the role of defence and security in settlement location. Account for government planning effects on settlement. Analyze cultural practices and historical factors.

Analysis of economic activities affecting settlement including nomadic pastoralism and arable farming. Discussion on defence considerations and historical hill settlements. Study of government settlement schemes and planning policies. Examination of cultural practices and tribal sentiments affecting distribution.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 202-204

SETTLEMENT

Distribution of Major Urban Centres in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify categories of urban centres in East Africa. Locate capital cities, sea ports and lake ports. Describe mining towns, industrial towns and collecting towns. Account for gap towns and administrative towns.

Map work identifying major urban centres across East Africa. Discussion on capital cities: Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Kampala. Study of sea ports and lake ports with their functions. Analysis of different town categories with specific examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of East Africa, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 206-208

SETTLEMENT

Factors Influencing Growth of Major Urban Centres in East Africa
Case Studies - Thika as Industrial Centre and Kisumu as Lake Port

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rural-urban migration as a growth factor. Describe natural population growth in urban areas. Account for infrastructure development effects. Analyze industrialisation, mining and tourism impacts on urban growth.

Discussion on rural-urban migration patterns and causes. Analysis of natural urban population growth and demographic factors. Study of transport infrastructure and accessibility advantages. Examination of industrial development and mining effects on town growth.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil
Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 208-210

SETTLEMENT

Case Study - Eldoret as Agricultural Collecting Centre

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Eldoret's location and historical development. Explain factors making Eldoret a leading agricultural collecting centre. Account for Eldoret's growth and expansion. Analyze Eldoret's multiple functions beyond agriculture.

Discussion on Eldoret's establishment by white settlers and agricultural focus. Analysis of strategic location along Nairobi-Kampala route. Study of collection and export facilities including airport and pipeline. Examination of administrative, educational and tourism functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 213-215

SETTLEMENT

Nairobi City Development
Problems Facing Nairobi and New York City Comparison

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Trace Nairobi's growth from railway camp to major city. Explain factors influencing Nairobi's development. Describe Nairobi's current status and international importance. Account for various functions performed by Nairobi.

Study of Nairobi's origins during railway construction and strategic advantages. Analysis of factors including climate, water supply and central location. Discussion on Nairobi's elevation to city status and international organizations. Examination of industrial, administrative, educational and commercial functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 215-217

SETTLEMENT

Mombasa Port Development and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mombasa's location and physical setting. Explain factors contributing to Mombasa's growth as major port. Account for modern developments at Kilindini Harbour. Analyze Mombasa's role as tourist and cultural centre.

Study of Mombasa's strategic coastal location and island setting. Analysis of railway connection and modern harbour facilities. Discussion on containerisation and Ro-Ro methods. Examination of oil refinery establishment and large hinterland.

Chalkboard, textbook, map of Kenya, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 221-224

SETTLEMENT

Rotterdam Port and Comparison with Mombasa
Effects of Urbanisation - Social and Economic Problems
Effects of Urbanisation and Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rotterdam's location and development history. Explain factors leading to Rotterdam's growth as world's busiest port. Account for modern facilities and extensive hinterland. Compare similarities and differences between Mombasa and Rotterdam ports.

Study of Rotterdam's location at river mouths and historical challenges. Analysis of New Waterway canal construction and Europoort development. Discussion on strategic location and modern cargo handling facilities. Comparison of both ports' hinterlands, facilities and functions.

Chalkboard, textbook, world map, exercise books
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pen/pencil

KLB Secondary Geography Form 4, Pages 224-227