Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Meaning of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of force as a push or pull
- Identify situations where force is applied
- Appreciate the importance of force in day-to-day life

- Brainstorm on the meaning of the term force as used in science
- Move heavy objects in the classroom by pushing and pulling
- Discuss what is happening when people move objects by pushing or pulling
- Use print and non-print media to search for the meaning of the term force

How do we move heavy objects from one point to another?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 111
- Digital media
- Heavy objects for moving

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Types of forces
Force and its Effect - Force of gravity
Force and its Effect - Force of friction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of forces in nature
- Demonstrate the existence of force of gravity
- Value the role of gravity in our daily lives

- Use print and non-print media to search for information about types of forces
- Discuss findings with peers
- Throw objects upwards and observe them falling back
- Discuss why objects fall back to the ground

Why do objects fall back to the ground when released from a height?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 113
- Various objects to demonstrate gravity
- Digital resources
- Balls
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 114
- Various objects to demonstrate friction
- Rough and smooth surfaces

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Change of shape
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Start and stop motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that force can change the shape of objects
- Identify objects whose shapes can be changed by force
- Appreciate the effects of force on objects

- Squeeze or crumple pieces of paper
- Observe and discuss what happens to the shape of the paper
- Record observations in notebooks
- Share findings with peers

What happens to a paper when you crumple it?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 115
- Paper
- Malleable objects
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 116
- Balls
- Open space for activities

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Change direction and increase speed
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Hold objects together
Force and its Effect - Uses of force in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that force can change the direction of a moving object
- Show that force can increase the speed of an object
- Appreciate how force affects movement

- Bounce balls against hard surfaces
- Use swings safely to demonstrate effects of force
- Discuss why the ball changes direction when it hits a surface
- Record observations

What happens when a ball is kicked towards another direction?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 117
- Balls
- Swings
- Hard surfaces
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Pieces of wood
- Nails
- Hammer or carpenter's glue
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 122
- Digital resources
- Wheelbarrow
- Pictures showing use of force

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Smoothening surfaces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ways of minimizing friction
- Demonstrate how smoothening surfaces reduces friction
- Value the importance of reducing friction

- Observe writing and sitting surfaces of desks
- Discuss why surfaces of rolling boards and pins are smoothened
- Give examples of surfaces that are smoothened to minimize friction

Why are the surfaces of the rolling board and pin smoothened?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 125
- Sandpaper
- Wood planer
- Smooth and rough surfaces

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Using lubricants
Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Using rollers and ball bearings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how lubricants reduce friction
- Identify situations where lubricants are used
- Appreciate the importance of lubricants in daily activities

- Observe a tailor maintaining a sewing machine
- Discuss why doors make squeaky noises
- Identify machines that require oiling/greasing
- Record observations in notebooks

Why do tailors apply oil to the moving parts of a sewing machine?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 126
- Lubricants (oil, grease)
- Pictures of machines
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 127
- Rollers
- Pictures of ball bearings
- Heavy objects for demonstrations

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Meaning of light

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of light
- Describe the importance of light for seeing
- Appreciate the value of light in our lives

- Darken the classroom by closing windows and curtains
- Try to read what is written on the board in darkness
- Discuss observations and meaning of light
- Compare reading in dark versus well-lit rooms

Can you see clearly in a dark room?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 135
- Classroom with windows/curtains
- Written text on board

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Sources of light: Natural sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify natural sources of light
- Distinguish between natural and artificial sources of light
- Show interest in learning about light sources

- Search for information about sources of light
- Identify natural sources of light (sun, stars)
- Discuss and record observations
- Share findings with peers

What are the natural sources of light in our environment?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 136
- Digital resources
- Pictures of light sources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Sources of light: Artificial sources
Light - Ways of lighting a house: Using windows

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify artificial sources of light
- Classify different artificial light sources
- Value the importance of artificial light

- Identify artificial sources of light (bulbs, lamps, candles)
- Classify different types of artificial light sources
- Discuss common sources of light at home and school
- Record observations

What are some common sources of light in our homes?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 137
- Various artificial light sources
- Pictures of light sources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 138
- Pictures of well-lit and poorly-lit rooms
- Classroom with windows

- Observation - Oral questions - Classification exercises

Force and Energy

Light - Ways of lighting a house: Translucent roofs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of translucent materials
- Describe how translucent roofs allow light to pass through
- Value the use of translucent materials in lighting

- Search for information on the meaning of translucent
- Discuss how translucent roofs allow light to pass through
- Observe pictures of buildings with translucent roofs
- Record observations

How does sunlight enter into the building through the roof?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 140
- Pictures of buildings with translucent roofs
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Ways of lighting a house: Artificial lighting
Light - Ways of lighting a house: Solar lighting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify artificial ways of lighting a house
- Describe various artificial lighting sources
- Appreciate the importance of proper lighting

- Observe and discuss different artificial lighting methods
- Identify common artificial lighting sources in homes
- Discuss safety measures when using artificial lighting
- Record observations

What are some artificial ways of lighting a house?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 141
- Various artificial light sources
- Pictures of lighting methods
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 142
- Pictures of solar panels
- Digital resources
- Solar powered devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Uses of light: Plants and light

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how plants use light
- Describe the importance of light for plant growth
- Value the role of light in nature

- Observe pictures showing plants in light and darkness
- Discuss why plants need sunlight for healthy growth
- Search for information on how plants use light
- Record observations

Why do plants require sunlight for healthy growth?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 143
- Pictures of plants
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Uses of light: Safety and security

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light is used for safety
- Describe the importance of well-lit roads and paths
- Appreciate light's role in security

- Observe pictures of well-lit and dark roads
- Discuss the safety implications for pedestrians and motorists
- Explain how light discourages criminal activities
- Record observations

Would a motorist feel safe while driving on a dark road? Why?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 145
- Pictures of well-lit and dark roads
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Uses of light: Reading and eye health
Light - Applications of light: Communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe good lighting for reading
- Explain how poor lighting affects eye health
- Value the importance of eye care

- Discuss why we strain our eyes in poorly lit rooms
- Explain why it's important to read in well-lit rooms
- Discuss eye care practices and the importance of reporting eye problems
- Record observations

Why do we strain our eyes when we try to read in a poorly-lit room?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 144
- Pictures showing reading in different lighting conditions
- Digital resources
- Pictures of traffic lights

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Applications of light: Discouraging pests

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light discourages pests
- Identify pests that hide in dark places
- Show interest in maintaining well-lit spaces

- Observe pictures of pests that hide in dark places
- Discuss why pests like cockroaches and rats prefer darkness
- Explain how good lighting discourages pest breeding
- Record observations

Where do pests such as rats and cockroaches hide in the house?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Pictures of pests
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Applications of light: Daily activities
Light - Applications of light: Summary and review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe various applications of light in daily life
- Explain the importance of light in different contexts
- Value light as an essential resource

- Discuss various applications of light in day-to-day activities
- Sort sources of light into natural and artificial
- Describe affordable lighting options
- Complete diagrams on light sources and applications

Why is light important in day-to-day life?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 149
- Charts on light applications
- Digital resources
- Digital resources
- Assessment worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Meaning of heat

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of heat as a form of energy
- Demonstrate how heat flows from hot to cold objects
- Show interest in learning about heat

- Rub palms against each other for a minute
- Feel the warmth generated on the cheek
- Search for information on the meaning of heat
- Discuss findings with peers

What comes to your mind when you hear the term heat?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 151
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Force and Energy

Heat - Sources of heat: Sun

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the sun as a source of heat
- Describe how solar energy is used as heat
- Appreciate the sun as a natural heat source

- Discuss the sun as a source of heat
- Explain how water can be warmed using sunlight
- Observe pictures of solar cookers
- Record observations

What does a solar cooker use as a source of energy?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 153
- Pictures of solar cookers
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Sources of heat: Fire
Heat - Sources of heat: Gas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fire as a source of heat
- Describe materials used to make fire
- Value environmentally friendly fire sources

- Discuss various materials used to make fire
- Learn about briquettes and other eco-friendly fire sources
- Search for information about briquettes
- Record observations

How is fire made from recycled materials?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 154
- Pictures of fire sources
- Digital resources
- Samples of briquettes
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 155
- Pictures of gas cylinders and cookers
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Sources of heat: Electricity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electricity as a source of heat
- Describe electric heating appliances
- Value safety when using electrical appliances

- Search for information on electricity as a heat source
- Identify electrical appliances that produce heat
- Discuss safety precautions when using electrical appliances
- Record observations

What precautions should one observe when using electricity as a source of heat?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 156
- Pictures of electric cookers
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Uses of heat: Cooking
Heat - Uses of heat: Warming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how heat is used for cooking
- Identify various cooking methods that use heat
- Appreciate the importance of heat in food preparation

- Observe various cooking activities
- Discuss how heat is used to prepare meals
- Identify different cooking methods
- Record observations

How do we get meals ready after preparing ingredients?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 158
- Pictures of cooking activities
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 159
- Pictures of warming activities

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Uses of heat: Drying

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how heat is used for drying
- Describe various drying applications
- Appreciate the importance of heat in preservation

- Observe the drying of clothes, crops, fish in the sun
- Discuss why drying is important for preservation
- Identify items that are dried using heat
- Record observations

Why are harvested crops such as grains dried in the sun?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Pictures of drying activities
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Uses of heat: Ironing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how heat is used for ironing
- Identify various types of irons
- Show awareness of safety when ironing

- Observe pictures of different types of irons
- Discuss how various irons use heat sources
- Compare charcoal, gas, and electric irons
- Record observations

What sources of heat are used for ironing clothes?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 161
- Pictures of different types of irons
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Safety measures when handling heat
Heat - Importance of heat in daily life
Heat - Project: Making kitchen gloves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safety measures when handling heat
- Identify potential dangers of heat sources
- Value the importance of safety

- Search for information on safety measures when handling heat
- Discuss safe ways to handle hot items
- Identify protective gear for handling heat
- Record observations

Why is it important to observe safety measures when handling heat?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 162
- Safety equipment
- Digital resources
- Pictures showing safety practices
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 165
- Pictures showing uses of heat
- Paper for patterns
- Fabric pieces
- Scissors
- Needles and thread

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments