INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Basic science concepts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Relate basic science concepts taught at primary level to Chemistry.

Brainstorming to review basic science concepts;
Probing questions;
Discussion.

TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 1-3

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Basic aspects of Chemistry.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Basic aspects of Chemistry.

Questioning;
Discussion;
Exposition of new concepts.

Mixtures,
Conductors & non conductors,
Drugs.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 4-5

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Definition of Chemistry & Role of Chemistry in the society. Lab safety rules.
Apparatus used in Chemistry.
Apparatus used in Chemistry. (contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define Chemistry.
Identify role of Chemistry in the society.
Identify careers related to Chemistry.
Recognise lab safety rules.

Open discussion;
Probing questions.

List of lab safety rules.
Common lab apparatus.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 5-6,16

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Measuring volume.
Measuring mass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use some apparatus to measure volume.

Guided practical activities;
Filling in tables of values.

Specific apparatus for measuring volume.
Electronic, beam, ripple pan balances.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 6-9

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Measuring time.
Measuring temperature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use a stopwatch to measure time lapses.

Measuring time intervals in minutes, sec and ms.

Stop watches.
Thermometers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 6-9

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Parts of a Bunsen burner.
Bunsen burner flames. - luminous flame.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify parts of a Bunsen burner.
State functions of parts of a Bunsen burner.

Questioning on sources of heat;
Exposition of new concepts.

Bunsen burner.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 10--11

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Bunsen burner flames. - non-luminous flame.
Heating effects of Bunsen flames.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between a luminous and non-luminous flame.
Identify zones of a non-luminous flame.

Opening air hole of the burner;
Observing luminous flame;
Drawing a non-luminous flame.

Bunsen burner.
Bunsen flames, wooden splints,
Wire gauze, beakers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 11-12

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Heating effect of a non-luminous flame.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the hottest part of a non-luminous flame.

Guided practical activities;
Discussion based on observations made.

wooden splints,
non-luminous flame, manilla papers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 14-15

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Solid-solid mixture.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Carry out simple experiments to separate a solid-solid mixture.

Class experiments;
Making solid-solid mixtures.
separating solid-solid mixtures.

Solid-solid mixture, e.g. Sodium chloride-iodine mixture.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 19-20

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Making solid-liquid mixtures.
Separating solid-liquid mixtures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Mix solids with known volume of liquids.

Class experiments;
Making solid-liquid mixtures.

Test tubes, sugar, salt, potassium nitrate, propanone, oxalic acids, etc.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 19-20

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Soluble solid-liquid mixture & insoluble solid-liquid mixture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out decantation and filtration.

Class experiments; separating solid-liquid mixtures.

Water-sand mixture, salt solution, filter papers, funnel, beakers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 22-24

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Crystallization.
Simple distillation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Obtain crystals from a solution.

Class experiments; growing crystals.
Brief discussion.

Waterbath, conc copper
(II) sulphate solution, evaporating dish.
Liebig sondenser, salt solution, round-bottomed flask, conical flask.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 22-24

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Liquid-liquid mixture -immiscible liquids.
Fractional distillation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe an experiment o separate miscible liquids.

Questioning;
Exposition.

Water, ethanol, pipettes, droppers, separating funnel.
Water, ethanol, fractionating column, liebig condenser, round-bottomed flask, conical flask.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP28-29

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Applications of fractional distillation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe applications of fractional distillation.

Questioning & discussion on extraction of;
-oils from nuts,
-dyes from plants,
-herbal medicine from plants.

Miscible liquids.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 30-32

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Separating coloured substances.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromatography as a method of separating coloured substances.

Obtain pigments from green leaves.
Guided activities.

Pestles, mortars.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 33-34

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Paper chromatography.
Effects of heating pure naphthalene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out paper chromatography.
Interpret paper chromatograms.

Paper chromatography tests.
Questioning on concentric and ascending chromatograms.

Pestles, motars,
Green leaves, propanone, filter paper.
Sample chromatograms.
Pure naphthalene, stop watches.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 33-34

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Melting point of pure naphthalene.
Heating and cooling curves of a pure substance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the melting point of pure naphthalene.

Drawing a heating / cooling curve from the results above.

TEXT BOOK
Graph papers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 35-36

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Heating impure naphthalene.
Heating curve of impure naphthalene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effect of an impurity on temperature of a substance when heated steadily.

Standard experiments; recording temperature after equal time intervals.

Pure naphthalene, stop watches.
Pure naphthalene, camphor, stop watches.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 35-36

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Heating pure water to boiling point.
Heating salty water to boiling point.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine boiling point of pure water.
Sketch heating and cooling curves for water.

Standard experiments; recording temperature after equal time intervals.

Pure water, stop watches, graph papers.
Pure water, sodium chloride, stop watches.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 42-43

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES
TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT CHANGES

Effect of an impurity on the boiling point of water.
The kinetic theory of matter.
Reversible processes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the effect of an impurity on the boiling point of water.

Sketch heating curve;
Discussion.

Graph papers.
Kinetic theory model.
Solid wax, zinc oxide, solid iodine.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 41-42

TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT CHANGES

Physical change
Permanent chemical change.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a physical change.
State characteristics of a physical change.

Q/A and discussion based on above observations.

TEXT BOOK
Hydrated copper (II) sulphate, copper (II) nitrate.

TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT CHANGES

Elements.
Compounds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define an element, atom, molecule.
Give examples of elements.

Exposition;
Brief discussion.

List of first
20 elements.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
P. 48

TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT CHANGES

Chemical symbols.
Chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify chemical symbols for various elements.

Exposition;
Brief discussion.

List of first
20 elements.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 49-50

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Classification of substances as acidic, neutral or basic.
Simple acid-base indicators.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss broad classification of substances as acids bases or neutral.

Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

TEXT BOOK
Red / blue flowers, pestle, mortar, propanone, teat pipette.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
P. 54

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Commercial indicators.
Universal indicators and pH.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify common commercial indicators.
Classify substances as acidic or basic using commercial indicators.

Exposition;
Observe effects of substances on indicators.
Record colour changes and make inferences.

Phenolphthalene, litmus papers, methyl orange, HCl. NaoH, lemon juice, soap, toothpaste, calcium hydroxide,etc.
Phenolphthalene, litmus papers, methyl orange, HCl. NaoH,lemon juice, soap, toothpaste, calcium hydroxide.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 56--57

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Reaction of acids with metals.
Reaction of acids with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reactions of acids with metals.

T/demonstration; reaction of dilute acids with metals.
Discuss based on observation made.
Make solutions.

Dil HCl,
zinc dranules,
magnesium.
Carbonates of calcium, copper, sodium.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 58-59

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates.

Standard experiments; observe colour changes;
Discuss results.
Write chemical equations.

Hydrogen carbonates.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 62-63

ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS

Reaction of acids with bases.
Effects and uses of acids and bases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of acids with bases.

Discuss properties of acids and bases.
Write chemical equations.

Metal oxides and acids.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 63-65

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Composition of air.
Air and combustion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:



State the composition of air by volume.

Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

TEXT BOOK
Sodium hydroxide solution, candle, gas jar, trough, copper turnings, hard glass tube, glass syringes.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 68-71

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Active part of air.
Rusting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine percentage of active part of air using copper.

Teacher demonstrations;
Discussion;
Worked examples.

Copper turnings, glass wool, syringes, plastic tubing.
Iron

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 68-71

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Percentage of air used up during rusting.
Preventing rusting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe an experiment to show percentage of air used up during rusting.

Teacher demonstration;
Questioning;
Discussion.

Iron nails, troughs.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
P. 72

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Smouldering of phosphorus.
Presence of carbon (IV) oxide and water in the air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe an experiment to show percentage of air used up when phosphorus smoulders.

Teacher demonstration;
Discussion.

White phosphorus, trough.
Aspirator, lime water, u-tube, anhydrous calcium chloride.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 72-73

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Fractional distillation of liquid air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe fractional distillation of liquid air.

Q/A to review fractional distillation;
Discuss flow diagram.

Flowchart.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP 75-76

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Lab preparation of oxygen.
Burning metals in air (oxygen)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare oxygen in the lab.
State physical properties of oxygen.

Teacher demonstration / group expts;
Questioning;
Discussion.

Sodium peroxide, manganese (IV) oxide, potassium permanganate.
Sodium, calcium,
magnesium,
iron, copper.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 78-79

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Products of burning metals in air.
Reactivity series.
Burning non-metals in air (oxygen)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify products of burning metals in air.

Group experiments;
Testing for products;
Write chemical equations.

Weighing balance.
Chart- reactivity series for metals.
Carbon, sulphur, phosphorus.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 82-83,
P. 85

AIR AND COMBUSTION

Competition for oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe redox reactions.
Write equations for redox reactions.
State applications of redox reactions.

Q/A to review redox reactions;
Teacher demonstrations;
Discussion.
Write equations.

Metals and metal oxides.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 86-87

AIR AND COMBUSTION
WATER AND HYDROGEN
WATER AND HYDROGEN

Reactivity series based on redox reactions, Uses of oxygen. Environmental pollution.
Burning candle wax in air.
Reaction of cold water with metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall the reactivity series.
State uses of oxygen.
Discuss environmental pollution.

Q/A to review redox reactions;

Open discussion.

TEXT BOOK
Candles, lime water.
Calcium, sodium grain.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 88-89

WATER AND HYDROGEN

Reaction of steam with metals.
Hydrogen. - lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify products of reaction of steam with metals.
Recall the reactivity series of metals based on reaction with water.

Teacher demonstrations;
Test for evolved gas;
Discussion;
Write equations.
Review reactivity series.

Magnesium ribbon, sand, iron / steel wool.
Zinc granules,
dil HCl,
conc. sulphuric acid.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 94-96

WATER AND HYDROGEN

Hydrogen. - physical properties.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State physical properties of hydrogen.

Probing questions and discussion.

Zinc granules,
dil HCl,
conc. sulphuric acid, litmus papers.

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 97-98

WATER AND HYDROGEN

Hydrogen as a reducing agent.
Burning hydrogen in air.
Uses of hydrogen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe an experiment to show reducing properties of hydrogen.

Teacher demonstration;
Discussion;
Write equations.

Copper (II) oxide, anhydrous Copper (II) sulphate., dry hydrogen.
Anhydrous calcium chloride,
hydrogen, U tube, ice cold water.
TEXT BOOK

K.L.B.
BOOK I
PP. 99-101

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Atomic and mass numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Name the subatomic particles in an atom.
Define atomic number and mass number of an atom.
Represent atomic and mass numbers symbolically.

Exposition on new concepts;
Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

text book

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

First twenty elements of the periodic table.
Isotopes.
Electronic configuration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List the first twenty elements of the periodic table.
Write chemical symbols of the first twenty elements of the periodic table.

Expository approach: referring to the periodic table, teacher exposes the first twenty elements.
Writing down a list of first twenty elements of the periodic table.

Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration in diagrams.
Periods of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent electronic configuration diagrammatically.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

text book
Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II
PP. 5-8

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Groups of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify elements of the same period.

Exposition ? definition of a group.
Q/A: examples of elements of the same group.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 9

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

R.M.M. and isotopes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate R.M.M. from isotopic composition.

Supervised practice involving calculation of RMM from isotopic composition.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 11-13

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions and ion formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an ion and a cation.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery that metals need to lose one, two or three electrons to attain stability.
Examples of positive ions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 14-15

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent formation of positive ions symbolically.

Diagrammatic representation of cations.

Chart  ion model.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 16

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Negative ions and ion formation.
Valencies of metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an anion.
To describe formation of negative ions symbolically.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery of formation of negative ions.
Diagrammatic representation of anions.

Chart  ion model.
Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencie of non-metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall valencies of non-metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.

Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencies of radicals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a radical.
Recall the valencies of common radicals.

Exposition ? teacher defines a radical, gives examples of radicals and exposes their valencies.
Students draw a table of radicals and their valencies.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Oxidation number.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define oxidation number.
Predict oxidation numbers from position of elements in the periodic table.

Q/A: Valencies.
Expose oxidation numbers of common ions.
Students complete a table of ions and their oxidation numbers.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIvP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Relate electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number of different elements.

Written exercise;
Exercise review.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. - Elements of equal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of equal valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as NaCl, MgO.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of unequal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of unequal valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as MgCl2
Al (NO3)3

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of variable valencies.
Chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of variable valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as
-Copper (I) Oxide.
-Copper (II) Oxide.
-Iron (II) Sulphate.
-Iron (III) Sulphate.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Balanced chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To balance chemical equations correctly.

Exposition;
Supervised practice.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 24-25

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE
CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Balanced chemical equations.(contd)
Alkali metals. Atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To balance chemical equations correctly.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

text book
The periodic

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 25-8

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Ionisation energy of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State changes in number of energy levels and ionisation energy of alkali metals.

Examine a table of elements, number of energy levels and their ionization energy.
Discuss the trend deduced from the table.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Physical properties of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkali metals.

Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Li, Na, and K.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion on physical properties of alkali metals.

Chart ? comparative properties of Li, Na, K.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 30-31

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of alkali metals with water.

Q/A: Review reaction of metals with water.
Writing down chemical equations for the reactions.
Deduce and discuss the order of reactivity down the group.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 32

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced equations for reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of sodium with chlorine in a fume chamber.
Q/A: Students to predict a similar reaction between potassium and chlorine.
Word and balanced chemical equations for various reactions.

Sodium, chlorine.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Compounds of alkali metals.
Uses of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkali metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.

Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkali metals with anions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Alkaline Earth metals Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify alkaline earth metals.

State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.

Q/A: Elements of group I and their electron configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Make deductions from the table.

Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Physical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Be, Mg, Ca.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion of physical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Some alkaline earth metals.
Alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 35