Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Differentiate between concave, convex and parabolic mirrors
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Cut out an orange section as instructed
- Make reflecting surfaces using aluminum foil
- Compare reflecting surfaces with concave and convex mirrors
- Discuss types of curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 111
- Orange, aluminum foil, knife
- Concave and convex mirrors

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical skills assessment

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Terms associated with curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain terms associated with curved mirrors
- Identify center of curvature, pole, radius of curvature
- Show interest in understanding key terms

- Study charts showing curved reflectors
- Identify key features on mirrors
- Discuss meanings of terms such as center of curvature, pole, principal axis, and radius of curvature

How are curved mirrors described using technical terms?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 113
- Concave and convex mirrors
- Charts with illustrations

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Terms associated with curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain terms associated with curved mirrors
- Identify center of curvature, pole, radius of curvature
- Show interest in understanding key terms

- Study charts showing curved reflectors
- Identify key features on mirrors
- Discuss meanings of terms such as center of curvature, pole, principal axis, and radius of curvature

How are curved mirrors described using technical terms?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 113
- Concave and convex mirrors
- Charts with illustrations

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Principal focus and focal length

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of principal focus and focal length
- Identify focal plane
- Appreciate the relationship between radius and focal length

- Study diagrams showing principal focus
- Discuss how parallel rays are reflected
- Investigate how concave and convex mirrors reflect light differently

What is the relationship between the focal length and radius of curvature?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 114
- Concave and convex mirrors
- Charts on curved mirrors

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length of a concave mirror

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Set up experiment to find focal length
- Show interest in practical applications

- Set up concave mirror on mirror holder
- Focus image of distant object on screen
- Measure distance from mirror to screen
- Calculate focal length

How can we determine the focal length of a concave mirror?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 115
- Concave mirror
- Mirror holder
- Screen
- Meter rule

- Observation - Practical skills - Written reports - Measurements

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Using a screen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by concave mirrors using a screen
- Determine image positions for different object positions
- Demonstrate real and virtual images

- Determine focal length of concave mirror
- Place burning candle at different positions
- Adjust screen position to see clear image
- Record positions and characteristics of images

What kinds of images are formed by concave mirrors at different positions?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 116
- Concave mirror
- Mirror holder
- Burning candle
- Screen

- Observation - Practical skills - Written records - Group work

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Using a screen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by concave mirrors using a screen
- Determine image positions for different object positions
- Demonstrate real and virtual images

- Determine focal length of concave mirror
- Place burning candle at different positions
- Adjust screen position to see clear image
- Record positions and characteristics of images

What kinds of images are formed by concave mirrors at different positions?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 116
- Concave mirror
- Mirror holder
- Burning candle
- Screen

- Observation - Practical skills - Written records - Group work

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Special rays

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct special rays for locating images
- Draw rays for concave and convex mirrors
- Appreciate geometrical constructions

- Draw two horizontal lines as principal axes
- Mark center of curvature and draw arcs for mirrors
- Draw different special rays (parallel to principal axis, through focus, through center)

How do special rays help locate images formed by curved mirrors?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 118
- Geometrical set
- Chart paper
- Ruler

- Drawings - Accuracy of ray diagrams - Group work

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Special rays

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct special rays for locating images
- Draw rays for concave and convex mirrors
- Appreciate geometrical constructions

- Draw two horizontal lines as principal axes
- Mark center of curvature and draw arcs for mirrors
- Draw different special rays (parallel to principal axis, through focus, through center)

How do special rays help locate images formed by curved mirrors?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 118
- Geometrical set
- Chart paper
- Ruler

- Drawings - Accuracy of ray diagrams - Group work

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Ray diagrams (concave)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Draw accurate ray diagrams for concave mirrors
- Show confidence in ray diagram construction

- Draw principal axis and represent concave mirror
- Mark object position and focus
- Draw rays using special rays method
- Locate image position through ray intersection

How can we use ray diagrams to locate images formed by concave mirrors?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 120
- Geometrical set
- Chart paper
- Graph paper

- Drawings - Accuracy of ray diagrams - Written explanations

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Ray diagrams (convex)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images using ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Compare image locations for concave and convex mirrors
- Apply ray diagram principles

- Draw principal axis and represent convex mirror
- Mark object position and focus
- Draw rays using special rays method
- Locate image position through ray intersection

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 121
- Geometrical set
- Chart paper
- Graph paper

- Drawings - Accuracy of ray diagrams - Written explanations

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Ray diagrams (convex)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images using ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Compare image locations for concave and convex mirrors
- Apply ray diagram principles

- Draw principal axis and represent convex mirror
- Mark object position and focus
- Draw rays using special rays method
- Locate image position through ray intersection

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 121
- Geometrical set
- Chart paper
- Graph paper

- Drawings - Accuracy of ray diagrams - Written explanations

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Graphical method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images using graphical construction
- Use graph paper for accurate measurements
- Appreciate the precision of graphical method

- Read the worked example
- Draw accurately to scale on graph paper
- Calculate image position and size
- Verify results by measurements

How does graphical construction provide more accurate image locations?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 124
- Graph paper
- Geometrical set
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Accuracy of drawings - Calculations - Written explanations

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Characteristics of images

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe characteristics of images formed by curved mirrors
- Use terms: erect, inverted, real, virtual, magnified, diminished
- Compare images from different mirror types

- Review ray diagrams from previous lessons
- Identify image characteristics for different object positions
- Complete table of image characteristics
- Discuss findings

What are the characteristics of images formed by curved mirrors at different object positions?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 124
- Previous ray diagrams
- Reference charts
- Table templates

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Completed tables

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Characteristics of images

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe characteristics of images formed by curved mirrors
- Use terms: erect, inverted, real, virtual, magnified, diminished
- Compare images from different mirror types

- Review ray diagrams from previous lessons
- Identify image characteristics for different object positions
- Complete table of image characteristics
- Discuss findings

What are the characteristics of images formed by curved mirrors at different object positions?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 124
- Previous ray diagrams
- Reference charts
- Table templates

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Completed tables

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Applications of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of concave mirrors in daily life
- Relate mirror properties to specific applications
- Appreciate the practical value of concave mirrors

- Discuss uses of concave mirrors in dentistry and salons
- Explain how the mirror properties serve these functions
- Study images of concave mirrors in use
- Research additional applications

Why are concave mirrors used in specific applications?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 126
- Pictures of mirrors in use
- Digital resources
- Sample applications

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Applications of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of convex mirrors in daily life
- Relate mirror properties to specific applications
- Appreciate the practical value of convex mirrors

- Discuss uses of convex mirrors in vehicles and security
- Explain why wide field of view is important
- Study images of convex mirrors in use
- Complete table of curved mirror applications

Why are convex mirrors preferred for driving and security?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 127
- Pictures of mirrors in use
- Digital resources
- Sample applications

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Applications of parabolic mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of parabolic mirrors in daily life
- Describe how parabolic reflectors work
- Appreciate technological applications

- Discuss how parabolic mirrors focus light
- Explore applications in torches, headlights
- Investigate solar concentrators
- Research additional applications

How are parabolic mirrors used in technology?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 128
- Pictures of parabolic reflectors
- Digital resources
- Sample applications

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Project work

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Applications of parabolic mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of parabolic mirrors in daily life
- Describe how parabolic reflectors work
- Appreciate technological applications

- Discuss how parabolic mirrors focus light
- Explore applications in torches, headlights
- Investigate solar concentrators
- Research additional applications

How are parabolic mirrors used in technology?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 128
- Pictures of parabolic reflectors
- Digital resources
- Sample applications

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Project work

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Project work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify curved mirrors in everyday life
- Categorize mirrors by type and application
- Show confidence in practical applications

- Find examples of curved mirrors in daily life
- Determine if they are concave, convex or parabolic
- Explain why each mirror is best for its purpose
- Complete a table of curved mirror uses

What curved mirrors can you identify in your environment?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 129
- Environment observations
- Digital resources
- Table template

- Project work - Presentations - Completed tables

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on curved mirrors
- Draw ray diagrams for image formation
- Show confidence in knowledge application

- Answer assessment questions
- Draw ray diagrams for curved mirrors
- Explain image characteristics
- Relate mirror types to applications

How can we apply our knowledge of curved mirrors to solve problems?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 129
- Assessment questions
- Graph paper
- Geometrical set

- Written test - Diagrams - Explanations

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on curved mirrors
- Draw ray diagrams for image formation
- Show confidence in knowledge application

- Answer assessment questions
- Draw ray diagrams for curved mirrors
- Explain image characteristics
- Relate mirror types to applications

How can we apply our knowledge of curved mirrors to solve problems?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 129
- Assessment questions
- Graph paper
- Geometrical set

- Written test - Diagrams - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Meaning of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of waves in science
- Define a wave as a disturbance
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Search for meaning of 'wave' in a dictionary
- Discuss meaning in scientific context
- Define wave in own words
- Present findings

What is a wave as used in science?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 130
- Dictionary
- Science textbooks
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written definitions - Group presentations

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves in water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the generation of water waves
- Explain how energy is transferred
- Show interest in wave production

- Strike water surface in a basin
- Observe ripples formed
- Identify source of energy
- Discuss energy transfer

How are waves generated in water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 131
- Large basin with water
- Stick
- Visual aids

- Observation - Practical skills - Oral explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves in water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the generation of water waves
- Explain how energy is transferred
- Show interest in wave production

- Strike water surface in a basin
- Observe ripples formed
- Identify source of energy
- Discuss energy transfer

How are waves generated in water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 131
- Large basin with water
- Stick
- Visual aids

- Observation - Practical skills - Oral explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves in rope and springs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate waves using rope and springs
- Observe wave patterns
- Compare different wave generation methods

- Move rope up and down to create waves
- Use Slinky spring to create waves
- Observe speaker vibrations
- Compare different wave types

How are waves generated in ropes and springs?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 132
- Rope (3m)
- Slinky spring
- Speaker
- Paper strip

- Observation - Practical skills - Drawings - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify waves as transverse or longitudinal
- Differentiate between the two wave types
- Give examples of each wave type

- Read and discuss information on wave types
- Identify differences between transverse and longitudinal waves
- List examples of each wave type
- Draw diagrams to illustrate each type

How are waves classified?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 133
- Text resources
- Charts showing wave types
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written classifications - Diagrams

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify waves as transverse or longitudinal
- Differentiate between the two wave types
- Give examples of each wave type

- Read and discuss information on wave types
- Identify differences between transverse and longitudinal waves
- List examples of each wave type
- Draw diagrams to illustrate each type

How are waves classified?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 133
- Text resources
- Charts showing wave types
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written classifications - Diagrams

Force and Energy

Waves - Parts of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the parts of a wave
- Identify amplitude, wavelength, phase
- Appreciate wave characteristics

- Generate waves using rope
- Measure amplitude at different speeds
- Create longitudinal waves with Slinky spring
- Identify compressed and expanded parts

What are the parts of a wave?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 134
- Rope (3m)
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule

- Observation - Practical skills - Diagrams - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Wave terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave terms: amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period
- Identify these properties on wave diagrams
- Show interest in wave physics

- Study diagrams showing wave parts
- Identify amplitude, wavelength on diagrams
- Discuss meaning of frequency and period
- Identify points in phase on a wave

How are the parts of a wave measured and described?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 136
- Charts showing wave diagrams
- Tables of wave terms
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written definitions - Diagrams - Quizzes

Force and Energy

Waves - Wave equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State wave equations
- Apply equations to solve wave problems
- Show confidence in wave calculations

- Learn wave equations: v = fλ and T = 1/f
- Work through example problems
- Calculate frequency, wavelength, velocity, period
- Solve practice problems

How are wave properties mathematically related?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 136
- Wave equation reference
- Calculator
- Problem sets

- Calculations - Problem solving - Written exercises

Force and Energy

Waves - Wave equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State wave equations
- Apply equations to solve wave problems
- Show confidence in wave calculations

- Learn wave equations: v = fλ and T = 1/f
- Work through example problems
- Calculate frequency, wavelength, velocity, period
- Solve practice problems

How are wave properties mathematically related?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 136
- Wave equation reference
- Calculator
- Problem sets

- Calculations - Problem solving - Written exercises

Force and Energy

Waves - Straight line motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines
- Set up experiments to show straight line propagation
- Apply knowledge to real situations

- Set up cardboards with holes aligned
- Observe light through holes
- Displace one cardboard to block light
- Explain observations

How can we demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 138
- Cardboards
- Wooden blocks
- Candle
- Matches

- Observation - Practical skills - Explanations - Group work

Force and Energy

Waves - Bending of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how waves bend when passing through different media
- Define refraction
- Relate to everyday phenomena

- Observe how light bends through glass or water
- Discuss refraction at boundaries
- Relate to how light travels through lenses
- Draw diagrams showing refraction

How do waves behave when they pass from one medium to another?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 139
- Glass block
- Water container
- Light source
- Diagrams

- Observation - Diagrams - Explanations - Written exercises

Force and Energy

Waves - Bending of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how waves bend when passing through different media
- Define refraction
- Relate to everyday phenomena

- Observe how light bends through glass or water
- Discuss refraction at boundaries
- Relate to how light travels through lenses
- Draw diagrams showing refraction

How do waves behave when they pass from one medium to another?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 139
- Glass block
- Water container
- Light source
- Diagrams

- Observation - Diagrams - Explanations - Written exercises

Force and Energy

Waves - Movement around objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate movement of waves around objects
- Set up experiment with pencil slit
- Explain diffraction pattern

- Create slit using two pencils
- Shine light through the slit
- Observe pattern on white paper
- Explain how light moves around edges

What happens when waves encounter small openings?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 139
- Two pencils
- Rubber bands
- White paper
- Light source

- Observation - Practical skills - Diagrams - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing meaning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of remote sensing
- Relate to human sense organs
- Identify remote sensing devices

- Find meanings of 'remote' and 'sensing'
- Discuss combined meaning
- Compare with eyes and ears functioning
- Identify remote sensing devices

What is remote sensing?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 140
- Dictionary
- Images of remote sensing
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written definitions - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing meaning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of remote sensing
- Relate to human sense organs
- Identify remote sensing devices

- Find meanings of 'remote' and 'sensing'
- Discuss combined meaning
- Compare with eyes and ears functioning
- Identify remote sensing devices

What is remote sensing?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 140
- Dictionary
- Images of remote sensing
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written definitions - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe remote sensing in relation to waves
- Explain transmission of waves in sensing
- Appreciate technological applications

- Read and discuss technician's notes
- Identify stages of remote sensing
- Discuss transmission of waves from objects
- Explain role of ground stations

How does remote sensing use waves?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 141
- Diagrams of remote sensing
- Digital resources
- Manila papers
- Felt pens

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Diagrams - Group work

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications in communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of waves in communication
- Explain how different devices use waves
- Show interest in wave technology

- Study images of communication devices
- Discuss how radio, TV, phones use waves
- Explain Wi-Fi and drone control
- Research additional applications

How are waves used in communication?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 143
- Images of communication devices
- Digital resources
- Chart paper

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications in medicine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of waves in medicine
- Explain ultrasound, X-rays, MRI
- Appreciate medical technology

- Discuss medical imaging techniques
- Explain how ultrasound creates images
- Learn about X-rays, CT scans and MRIs
- Research uses in cancer treatment

How are waves used in medical diagnosis and treatment?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 144
- Images of medical equipment
- Digital resources
- Chart paper

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications in medicine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of waves in medicine
- Explain ultrasound, X-rays, MRI
- Appreciate medical technology

- Discuss medical imaging techniques
- Explain how ultrasound creates images
- Learn about X-rays, CT scans and MRIs
- Research uses in cancer treatment

How are waves used in medical diagnosis and treatment?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 144
- Images of medical equipment
- Digital resources
- Chart paper

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Other applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe other applications of waves
- Explain microwave cooking
- Appreciate diverse wave applications

- Discuss how microwaves heat food
- Explore laser surgery applications
- Research additional applications
- Summarize all wave applications

What other technologies use waves in daily life?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 145
- Images of applications
- Digital resources
- Chart paper

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Other applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe other applications of waves
- Explain microwave cooking
- Appreciate diverse wave applications

- Discuss how microwaves heat food
- Explore laser surgery applications
- Research additional applications
- Summarize all wave applications

What other technologies use waves in daily life?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 145
- Images of applications
- Digital resources
- Chart paper

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on waves
- Apply knowledge to solve problems
- Show confidence in understanding

- Answer assessment questions
- Solve wave equation problems
- Explain wave characteristics
- Relate to applications

How can we apply our knowledge of waves to solve problems?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 146
- Assessment questions
- Calculator
- Previous notes

- Written test - Calculations - Explanations