Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Role of intermediaries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of channels of distribution
- Describe the role of intermediaries
- Appreciate the importance of distribution channels

- Identify different types of intermediaries
- Explain functions of various intermediaries
- Value the contribution of intermediaries in distribution

- Discuss and present the meaning of channels of distribution
- Explain the role of intermediaries in distribution
- Search for information on intermediaries in distribution
- Present findings to the class
- Discuss different types of intermediaries
- Explain the functions of each type of intermediary
- Create a chart showing intermediaries and their functions
- Present findings to the class

Why are intermediaries important in the distribution of goods and services?
How do different intermediaries serve in the distribution process?

- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Charts showing distribution channels
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Charts
- Pictures of intermediaries

- Observation - Oral presentation - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral presentation - Chart assessment

Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify channels for distributing goods
- Illustrate distribution channels
- Show interest in distribution channels

- Search and watch video clips on distribution channels
- Discuss different distribution channels
- Prepare a chart showing channels for distribution
- Present findings to the class

What are the different channels used for distributing goods and services?

- Digital resources
- Video clips
- Charts
- Reference books

- Observation - Chart assessment - Oral presentation

Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare different distribution channels
- Analyze factors affecting channel choice
- Appreciate the importance of selecting appropriate channels

- Analyze case studies on different distribution channels
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of each channel
- Discuss factors affecting choice of distribution channel
- Present findings to the class

How do businesses decide which distribution channel to use?

- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Charts
- Reference books

- Case study analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethical and unethical practices
Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethical and unethical practices
Distribution of Goods and Services - Participation in distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in distribution
- Recognize unethical practices in distribution
- Value ethical conduct in business

- Analyze the impact of unethical practices
- Suggest ways to promote ethical practices
- Show commitment to ethical business conduct

- Discuss ethical practices in distribution of goods and services
- Identify unethical practices in distribution
- Debate on ethical issues in distribution
- Present findings to the class
- Analyze case studies on unethical distribution practices
- Discuss the impact of unethical practices on consumers
- Suggest ways to promote ethical practices
- Role play ethical and unethical scenarios

What ethical issues arise in the distribution of goods and services?
How do unethical distribution practices affect consumers and businesses?

- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Reference books
- Newspaper articles
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Reference books
- Role play scenarios
- Local businesses
- Community resources
- Interview guides

- Observation - Debate assessment - Written assignments
- Case study analysis - Role play assessment - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems to be solved

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify problems in the locality
- Describe causes of identified problems
- Show interest in solving community problems

- Explore the locality to identify problems
- Observe activities in different areas of the locality
- Interview community members about challenges
- Record findings in a structured format

What problems in our locality can be solved using skills from Pre-Technical Studies?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 153
- Community resources
- Questionnaires
- Recording materials

- Observation - Interview assessment - Field notes

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems to be solved

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze collected data on community problems
- Select problems that can be solved using acquired skills
- Appreciate the value of problem-solving

- Analyze data collected during community visit
- Identify skills learned in Pre-Technical Studies
- Select problems that can be solved using the skills
- Describe how solving the problems benefits the community

Which problems can be effectively addressed with our existing skills?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 154
- Collected data
- Digital resources
- Presentation materials

- Data analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Project - Selecting an item to solve the identified problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify possible items to solve the identified problem
- Select an appropriate item based on specific criteria
- Show creativity in problem-solving

- Evaluate potential solutions based on effectiveness
- Consider resources, skills, and time constraints
- Value sustainable problem-solving approaches

- Discuss how the identified problem can be solved
- Use available resources to search for possible solutions
- Identify items that can solve the problem
- Suggest technical skills needed to make the items
- Discuss possible items that can be made to solve the problem
- Consider materials and tools required
- Evaluate skills required and cost implications
- Select one item to make for solving the problem

How do we determine the most appropriate solution to our identified problem?
What factors should we consider when selecting a solution?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 154
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Problem analysis tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 155
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Evaluation tools

- Observation - Oral presentation - Solution assessment
- Observation - Decision-making assessment - Written justification

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Sketch the selected item
- Plan the making process
- Show creativity in design

- Make freehand sketches of the selected item
- Use resources to find steps for making the item
- Create a plan for making the item
- Prepare material and tool lists

How should we plan the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 155
- Drawing materials
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Sketches assessment - Planning assessment - Oral presentation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify materials and tools needed
- Source materials from the locality
- Show responsibility in resource gathering

- Use resources to identify materials and tools needed
- Select appropriate materials and tools
- Identify places to source materials
- Collect and store materials safely

What locally available materials can we use for our project?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Local materials
- Digital resources
- Tool catalogs

- Material selection - Sourcing strategy - Resource management

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Follow safety procedures
- Use tools and materials appropriately
- Show responsibility during the making process

- Apply making skills effectively
- Solve problems encountered during making
- Show persistence in completing tasks

- Wear appropriate safety gear
- Assemble materials and tools
- Inspect tools for good condition
- Begin making the item following planned steps
- Continue making the designed item
- Apply appropriate techniques
- Solve challenges encountered
- Document the making process

What safety considerations are important during the making process?
How can we overcome challenges during the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Safety gear
- Tools and materials
- Work space
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Tools and materials
- Safety gear
- Work space

- Observation - Safety compliance - Work progress
- Practical work - Problem-solving - Process documentation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Complete the making process
- Evaluate the finished item
- Show pride in the finished product

- Complete the making of the designed item
- Clean the working area and tools
- Store tools properly
- Evaluate the finished item

How can we evaluate the quality of our finished item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Tools and materials
- Cleaning supplies
- Evaluation tools

- Product assessment - Workspace management - Self-evaluation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate the cost of the item
- Determine an appropriate price
- Show understanding of basic costing

- Estimate the total cost spent to make the item
- Calculate the profit margin
- Determine the selling price
- Document the costing process

How do we determine the cost and appropriate price for our item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Cost calculation tools
- Digital resources
- Pricing guides

- Cost calculation - Pricing strategy - Documentation assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem
Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Present the finished item effectively
- Explain how the item solves the identified problem
- Value feedback for improvement

- Use the item to solve the identified problem
- Document the problem-solving process
- Show responsibility in applying solutions

- Present the finished item to the class
- Explain how the item solves the identified problem
- Demonstrate how the item works
- Receive feedback from classmates
- Use the item to solve the identified problem
- Document the application process
- Observe the effectiveness of the solution
- Make necessary adjustments

How effectively does our item solve the identified problem?
How can we effectively implement our solution in the community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Finished item
- Documentation tools
- Community resources

- Presentation - Product demonstration - Peer feedback
- Implementation assessment - Documentation review - Problem-solving effectiveness

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the success of the solution
- Identify areas for improvement
- Show commitment to continuous improvement

- Evaluate how well the item solved the problem
- Identify strengths and weaknesses of the solution
- Suggest improvements for future projects
- Complete a self-reflection form

What have we learned from this project and how can we improve?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Evaluation tools
- Self-reflection forms
- Feedback data
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Community venue

- Solution evaluation - Improvement suggestions - Self-reflection

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Document the entire project process
- Create a comprehensive project report
- Show appreciation for skills acquired

- Create a comprehensive project report
- Include problem identification, solution development, implementation, and evaluation
- Reflect on skills acquired and applied
- Present the final report

How can we document our project journey for future reference?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Project documentation
- Digital resources
- Reporting templates

- Project report - Documentation quality - Presentation skills

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Financial Services - Classification of financial institutions in Kenya
Financial Services - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify financial institutions in Kenya
- Give examples of financial institutions
- Show interest in financial institutions

- Identify classifications of financial institutions
- Compare banking and non-banking institutions
- Value the diversity of financial institutions

- Study images of financial institutions
- Identify types of financial institutions shown
- Give examples of financial institutions identified
- Name financial institutions available in the locality
- Study a presentation on classification of financial institutions
- Identify the classifications of financial institutions
- Brainstorm on each classification
- Create a comparison table for the classifications

What financial institutions do you know?
How are financial institutions classified in Kenya?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 160
- Pictures of financial institutions
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 161
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 162
- Presentation materials
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 164
- Reference materials
- Presentation tools

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Table assessment

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways government gets involved in business
- Explain reasons for government involvement
- Appreciate the role of government in business

- Study pictures showing government involvement in business
- Discuss ways government gets involved in business
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Present findings in class

Why does the government get involved in business activities?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 169
- Pictures showing government involvement
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 170
- Flashcards
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Ways of government involvement in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways government regulates businesses
- Explain the purpose of business regulations
- Show responsibility towards regulatory compliance

- Study pictures of businesses being closed
- Discuss government's role in regulating businesses
- Identify regulations violated by the businesses
- Explain the community benefit of regulations

How does the government regulate business activities?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 171
- Pictures of regulatory actions
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 172
- Reference materials
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya
Government and Business - e-Government services in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define taxes and their importance
- Identify sources of government funds
- Value the role of taxes in development

- Define e-Government services
- Identify e-Government services in business
- Appreciate the value of digital government services

- Study pictures of public facilities
- Identify public facilities and services they provide
- Discuss sources of government funding
- Explain the meaning and importance of taxes
- Analyze a case study on e-Government
- Define e-Government services
- Identify e-Government services for business
- Discuss benefits of e-Government services

Why is it important to pay taxes?
How has e-Government improved business processes?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 173
- Pictures of public facilities
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 175
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 176
- Case study
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment
- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Importance of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define a business plan
- Explain the importance of a business plan
- Value the role of planning in business

- Brainstorm on the meaning and importance of a business plan
- Discuss how a business plan helps entrepreneurs
- Explain reasons for making a business plan
- Share findings with the class

Why is a business plan important for entrepreneurs?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 180
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Video link

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Importance of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Search for information on business plans
- Describe benefits of business planning
- Show interest in business planning

- Use available resources to search for information on business plans
- Watch a video on the importance of business plans
- Note down findings
- Present findings in class

How does a business plan contribute to business success?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 181
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Video link

- Research assessment - Note-taking - Oral presentation

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Components of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a business plan
- Describe each component
- Value the structure of a business plan

- Analyze case studies on business plan components
- Describe the purpose of each component
- Appreciate comprehensive business planning

- Study a chart showing components of a business plan
- Describe each component
- Study sample business plans
- Present the discussion in class
- Read case studies on business plan components
- Identify the components described in the case studies
- Describe each component identified
- Share the description with other groups

What are the key components of a successful business plan?
How do the different components work together in a business plan?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 183
- Charts
- Sample business plans
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 184
- Case studies
- Sample business plans
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral presentation - Written assignments
- Case study analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Filling in a business plan template

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Complete a business plan template
- Apply knowledge of business plan components
- Show creativity in business planning

- Study a business plan template
- Copy the template in exercise books
- Complete the plan by filling in blank sections
- Share the completed plan in class

How do we complete a business plan for a specific business idea?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 185
- Business plan template
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Template completion - Oral presentation - Written assessment