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SCHEME OF WORK
Pre Tech Studies
Grade 8 2025
TERM III
School


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WK LSN STRAND SUB-STRAND LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES LEARNING EXPERIENCES KEY INQUIRY QUESTIONS LEARNING RESOURCES ASSESSMENT METHODS REFLECTION
2 1
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Assets, liabilities and capital
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of bookkeeping
- Describe the importance of bookkeeping in entrepreneurship
- Value the role of record-keeping in business success
- Brainstorm on the meaning of bookkeeping
- Discuss the importance of bookkeeping for a business
- Present discussion points to the class
Why is bookkeeping important to a business?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 114
- Charts on importance of bookkeeping
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 115
- Pictures of business assets
- Charts
- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment
2 2
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of bookkeeping equation
- Apply the bookkeeping equation in business scenarios
- Show interest in understanding financial relationships
- Discuss the bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
- Calculate assets, liabilities and capital using the bookkeeping equation
- Solve practice exercises using the equation
How does the bookkeeping equation help in financial management?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 119
- Calculators
- Charts showing bookkeeping equation
- Practice exercises
- Calculation exercises - Question and answer - Written test
2 3
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost and price of a product
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parties involved in business transactions
- Distinguish between cash and credit transactions
- Value honesty in business dealings
- List items bought and identify buyers and sellers
- Read and analyze a case study on business transactions
- Discuss differences between cash and credit transactions
What types of transactions occur in a business?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 122
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 126
- Calculators
- Charts on profit calculation
- Examples of business transactions
- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment
2 4
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing a statement of financial position
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a statement of financial position
- Identify components of a statement of financial position
- Show interest in financial statements
- Discuss the components of a statement of financial position
- Study a sample statement of financial position
- Identify assets, liabilities and capital in the statement
How does a statement of financial position show a business's health?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 128
- Sample financial statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 129
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Question and answer - Written test - Observation
3 1
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Cash flow statement
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a cash flow statement
- Identify components of a cash flow statement
- Show responsibility in monitoring cash flow
- Discuss the components of a cash flow statement
- Study a sample cash flow statement
- Identify cash inflows and outflows in the statement
Why is monitoring cash flow important for a business?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 130
- Sample cash flow statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Question and answer - Observation - Written test
3 2
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Preparing a cash flow statement
Bookkeeping - Income statement
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate net cash flow from business operations
- Prepare a simple cash flow statement
- Value the importance of tracking cash movement
- Study a sample cash flow statement
- Follow step-by-step instructions to prepare a cash flow statement
- Calculate net movement in cash
- Compare opening and closing cash balances
How is a cash flow statement prepared?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 131
- Sample cash flow statements
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 133
- Sample income statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Practical assessment - Calculation exercises - Written assignment
3 3
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Preparing an income statement
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate gross profit and net profit
- Prepare a simple income statement
- Value accuracy in profit calculation
- Study a sample income statement
- Follow step-by-step instructions to prepare an income statement
- Calculate gross profit and net profit
- Present work for review and discussion
How is an income statement prepared?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 134
- Sample income statements
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Practical assessment - Calculation exercises - Written assignment
3 4
Entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Importance of financial records
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of financial records in decision-making
- Analyze how bookkeeping helps in financial management
- Appreciate the role of record-keeping in business success
- Read a story about a business owner who keeps records
- Discuss the role of bookkeeping in the business
- Explain how bookkeeping helped in making financial decisions
How do financial records help in making business decisions?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 135
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 137
- Charts showing sources of income
- Pictures showing income-generating activities
- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment
4 1
Entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Types of income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Categorize different sources of income
- Explain various income types like salary, business, investment
- Show interest in understanding income sources
- Study a chart showing various sources of income
- Discuss the meaning of various income sources
- Categorize income sources as active or passive
- Present findings to classmates
How can income sources be categorized?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 138
- Charts on income sources
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 139
- Charts on importance of budgeting
- Case studies
- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test
4 2
Entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of spending money wisely
- Explain the concept of needs versus wants
- Show responsibility in personal financial management
- Study a poster with tips on spending money wisely
- Discuss what they have learned from the tips
- Identify other ways of spending money wisely
- Create quotes on spending money wisely
How can we spend money wisely?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 142
- Posters on wise spending
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Question and answer - Creative writing assessment - Observation
4 3
Entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Income allocation in budgeting
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a personal budget
- Prepare a simple personal budget
- Appreciate the value of planning for expenses
- Discuss what to consider when preparing a simple budget
- Study a sample personal budget
- Prepare a simple budget for personal financial management
- Present budget to classmates for feedback
What should be included in a personal budget?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 143
- Sample budget templates
- Calculators
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget allocation charts
- Sample budgets
- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment
4 4
Entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Budget tracking and adjustment
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain methods for tracking budget implementation
- Identify reasons for budget adjustments
- Value accountability in budget management
- Discuss methods for tracking spending against budget
- Analyze scenarios requiring budget adjustments
- Develop simple budget tracking tools
- Role-play budget review meetings
How can we track and adjust our budget?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget tracking templates
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Role-play assessment - Practical assignment - Observation
5 1
Entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices in budgeting
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ethics and ethical practices
- Identify ethical practices in budgeting
- Value honesty and transparency in financial matters
- Discuss the meaning of ethics and ethical practices
- Read a case study about a community group making a budget
- Identify ethical practices that should be followed when budgeting
What are the ethical issues in income and budgeting?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 144
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 145
- Internet connectivity
- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment
5 2
Entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Financial planning
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of financial planning
- Discuss the importance of financial planning in income management
- Value long-term financial thinking
- Read a story about financial planning
- Discuss how financial planning helped the character
- Identify the importance of financial planning
- Share examples of financial planning from their experiences
How does financial planning help in income management?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 146
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment
5 3
Entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Setting financial goals
Marketing Goods and Services - Importance of marketing
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify short-term and long-term financial goals
- Set SMART financial goals
- Appreciate the importance of goal-setting in financial management
- Discuss the difference between short-term and long-term financial goals
- Learn about SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound)
- Set personal financial goals following the SMART framework
- Share goals with classmates for feedback
Why is goal-setting important in financial management?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Goal-setting templates
- Case studies
- Charts on SMART goals
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 147
- Pictures showing marketing activities
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Written assignment - Peer assessment - Group presentation
5 4
Entrepreneurship
Marketing Goods and Services - Elements of marketing
Marketing Goods and Services - Sources of market information
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the key elements of marketing (advertising, selling, delivery)
- Explain how each element contributes to successful marketing
- Show interest in understanding marketing processes
- Discuss the three main elements of marketing: advertising, selling, and delivery
- Study examples of each element in real businesses
- Create a diagram showing how these elements work together
- Present diagrams to classmates
What are the key elements of effective marketing?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Marketing diagrams
- Pictures of marketing activities
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Internet connectivity
- Diagram assessment - Group presentation - Question and answer
6 1
Entrepreneurship
Marketing Goods and Services - Consumer behavior
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain what influences consumer buying decisions
- Identify factors that affect consumer preferences
- Value the importance of understanding customers
- Discuss factors that influence buying decisions (price, quality, trends)
- Analyze personal buying decisions and what influenced them
- Conduct simple surveys about consumer preferences
- Share findings with classmates
What factors influence consumer buying decisions?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Survey templates
- Digital devices
- Charts on consumer behavior
- Survey project assessment - Group presentation - Question and answer
6 2
Entrepreneurship
Marketing Goods and Services - Factors for market selection
Marketing Goods and Services - Tools for marketing
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors considered when selecting a market
- Explain how these factors affect market selection
- Value informed decision-making in business
- Read a case study about a business owner selecting a market
- Explore the factors considered when selecting the market
- Discuss other factors to consider when choosing a market
- Write down findings and present them to classmates
How is the market of goods and services selected?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 152
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 153
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on marketing tools
- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment
6 3
Entrepreneurship
Marketing Goods and Services - Suitable markets
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify suitable markets for different goods and services
- Match products to appropriate market segments
- Value strategic thinking in marketing
- Brainstorm on suitable markets for different goods and services
- Discuss factors that make a market suitable for specific products
- Present findings to classmates
How do businesses identify suitable markets for their products?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 154
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pictures of different products
- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test
6 4
Entrepreneurship
Marketing Goods and Services - Ethics in marketing
Saving and Investment - Reasons for saving
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in marketing
- Explain the importance of ethics in marketing
- Show commitment to ethical business practices
- Discuss ethical practices in marketing goods and services
- Analyze scenarios showing ethical and unethical marketing practices
- Prepare a presentation on marketing ethics
What ethical considerations should guide marketing activities?
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 155
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Charts on saving and investment
- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Group presentation
7 1
Entrepreneurship
Saving and Investment - Methods of saving
Saving and Investment - Methods of investment
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different methods of saving
- Explain the advantages of different saving methods
- Show interest in developing saving habits
- Brainstorm and present on methods of saving and investment
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different saving methods
- Make money boxes for personal savings using locally available materials
What are the different ways to save money?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Materials for making money boxes
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on investment options
- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Observation
7 2
Entrepreneurship
Saving and Investment - Preparing a saving plan
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a saving plan
- Prepare a simple saving plan
- Show commitment to financial discipline
- Study sample saving plans
- Identify key components of a saving plan
- Prepare a simple saving plan
- Present saving plans to classmates for feedback
How do you create an effective saving plan?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Sample saving plans
- Calculators
- Charts
- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment
7 3
Entrepreneurship
Saving and Investment - Preparing an investment plan
Saving and Investment - Ethical practices
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of an investment plan
- Prepare a simple investment plan
- Value strategic financial planning
- Study sample investment plans
- Identify key components of an investment plan
- Prepare a simple investment plan
- Present investment plans to classmates for feedback
What should be included in an investment plan?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Sample investment plans
- Calculators
- Charts
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment
7 4
Entrepreneurship
Saving and Investment - Unethical practices
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in saving and investing
- Explain the consequences of unethical financial behavior
- Value integrity in financial matters
- Share experiences on unethical practices in saving and investment
- Discuss the consequences of unethical financial practices
- Search for information on unethical practices to avoid
What are the unethical practices in saving and investing?
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written test
8

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