METALS

Chief Ores of Metals and General Extraction Methods
Occurrence and Extraction of Sodium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name chief ores of common metals
- State formulas of metal ores
- Explain general methods of ore concentration
- Describe factors affecting extraction methods

Q/A: Review metallic bonding and reactivity
- Study Table 5.1 - metal ores and formulas
- Discussion on ore concentration methods
- Froth flotation demonstration

Chart of metal ores, ore samples if available, Table 5.1, flotation apparatus demonstration
Down's cell diagram, charts showing sodium occurrence, electrode reaction equations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 139-140

METALS

Occurrence and Extraction of Aluminium I
Extraction of Aluminium II - Electrolysis
Occurrence and Extraction of Iron
Extraction of Zinc

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence and ores of aluminium
- Explain ore concentration process
- Write equations for bauxite purification
- Describe amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide

Study aluminium occurrence and bauxite composition
- Demonstration of amphoteric properties
- Equations for bauxite dissolution in NaOH
- Discussion on impurity removal

Bauxite samples, NaOH solution, charts showing aluminium extraction steps, chemical equations
Electrolytic cell diagram, cryolite samples, graphite electrodes, energy consumption data
Blast furnace diagram, iron ore samples, coke, limestone, temperature zone charts
Zinc ore samples, flow charts showing both methods, electrolytic cell diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 142-143

METALS

Extraction of Lead and Copper
Physical Properties of Metals
Chemical Properties I - Reaction with Air
Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water
Chemical Properties III - Reaction with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain extraction of lead from galena
- Describe copper extraction from copper pyrites
- Write relevant chemical equations
- Compare purification methods
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

Study galena roasting and reduction
- Copper pyrites multi-step extraction
- Electrolytic purification processes
- Discussion on blister copper formation
Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Lead and copper ore samples, extraction flow charts, electrolytic purification diagrams
Table 5.2, metal samples, conductivity apparatus, density measurement equipment
Deflagrating spoons, metal samples (Na, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu), Bunsen burners, safety equipment
Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment
Chlorine gas, gas jars, metal samples, tongs, deflagrating spoons, fume cupboard, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 148-151
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties IV - Reaction with Acids
Uses of Metals I - Sodium and Aluminium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with dilute and concentrated acids
- Compare reaction patterns
- Write chemical equations
- Explain passivation effects

Experiment 5.4: Test metals with various acids - HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄
- Use Table 5.5 for systematic recording
- Observe gas evolution
- Discuss passivation

Various acids (dilute and concentrated), metal strips, test tubes, gas collection apparatus, safety equipment
Charts showing metal applications, alloy samples, aircraft parts, cooking vessels

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 157-158

METALS

Uses of Metals II - Zinc, Copper and Iron
Steel Types and Alloys
Environmental Effects of Metal Extraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain galvanization process
- Describe copper electrical applications
- Compare iron, steel, and cast iron uses
- Analyze alloy compositions and properties

Study galvanization and rust prevention
- Copper in electrical applications
- Different types of steel and their compositions
- Alloy property comparisons

Galvanized sheets, copper wires, steel samples, alloy composition charts, brass and bronze samples
Steel samples with different compositions, carbon content charts, specialized tools, stainless steel items
Environmental impact case studies, pollution images, NEMA regulation documents, waste management examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 159-161

RADIOACTIVITY

Introduction, Nuclear Stability and Types of Radioactivity
Types of Radiation and Their Properties
Radioactive Decay and Half-Life Concept
Half-Life Calculations and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define nuclide, isotope, and radioisotope
- Compare nuclear vs chemical reactions
- Explain neutron/proton ratios
- Distinguish natural from artificial radioactivity

Q/A: Review atomic structure from Form 2
- Study Table 7.1 - nuclear vs chemical reactions
- Analysis of neutron/proton ratios and nuclear stability
- Discussion on natural vs artificial radioactivity

Periodic table, atomic structure charts, Table 7.1, nuclear stability diagrams
Radiation type charts, penetration diagrams, electric field illustrations, safety equipment charts
Graph paper, Table 7.2 data, calculators, decay curve examples, half-life data table
Calculators, comprehensive problem sets, worked examples, isotope half-life comparison tables

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-201

RADIOACTIVITY

Nuclear Reactions and Equations
Radioactive Decay Series and Sequential Reactions
Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions
Nuclear Fusion and Energy Comparisons
Medical and Diagnostic Applications
Industrial, Agricultural and Dating Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced nuclear equations
- Apply conservation laws for mass and atomic numbers
- Explain alpha and beta emission effects
- Balance complex nuclear reactions
Describe medical applications of radioisotopes
- Explain cancer treatment using radiation
- Discuss diagnostic procedures and imaging
- Analyze therapeutic vs diagnostic uses

Practice writing nuclear equations for alpha emission
- Study beta emission examples
- Apply mass and atomic number conservation
- Balance various nuclear reactions with missing nuclides
Study cobalt-60 and caesium-137 in cancer treatment
- Iodine-131 in thyroid monitoring
- Bone growth and fracture healing monitoring
- Sterilization of surgical instruments

Nuclear equation examples, periodic table, conservation law charts, practice worksheets
Decay series charts, thorium series diagram, nuclide stability charts, practice decay series
Fission reaction diagrams, chain reaction illustrations, nuclear reactor diagrams, energy calculation examples
Fusion reaction diagrams, comparison tables, stellar fusion charts, energy comparison data
Medical radioisotope charts, treatment procedure diagrams, diagnostic equipment images, case studies
Carbon dating examples, agricultural application charts, industrial use diagrams, food preservation data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 205-207
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 208-209

RADIOACTIVITY

Radiation Hazards and Environmental Impact
Safety Measures and International Control
Half-Life Problem Solving and Graph Analysis
Nuclear Equations and Conservation Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify radiation health hazards
- Explain genetic mutation effects
- Discuss major nuclear accidents
- Analyze long-term environmental contamination

Study Chernobyl and Three Mile Island accidents
- Genetic mutation and cancer effects
- Long-term radiation exposure consequences
- Nuclear waste disposal challenges

Accident case studies, environmental impact data, radiation exposure charts, contamination maps
IAEA guidelines, safety protocol charts, monitoring equipment diagrams, international cooperation data
Graph paper, experimental data sets, calculators, statistical analysis examples, comprehensive problem sets
Nuclear equation worksheets, periodic table, decay series diagrams, conservation law examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 209-210