GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.

Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.
Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

text book
Shoots of known ages.

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178
KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Intermittent growth curve.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.

Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Structure of the seed.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

Specimens of maize and bean seeds.

KLB BK III. P. 136 CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.

Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.

KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Dormancy in seeds.
Seed germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.

Detailed discussion.
Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.

video
Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.

KLB BK III. P. 137 CERTIFICATE PG 188
KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Epigeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.

Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Hypogeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hypogeal germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing diagrams.

Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Primary growth of a seedling.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth of a seedling.

Brief discussion.

KLB BK III. P 143 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine the region of growth in a root.
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.

Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.
Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth of plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 145-146 CERTIFICATE PG 187

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Apical dominance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.

Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.

Shoot with lateral growth.

KLB BK III. PP. 147-148.

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth and development in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.148-14.9 CERTIFICATE PG 194

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Role of hormones in insect growth.
Introduction to Genetics and Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.

Exposition and explanations.
Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.

text book
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2

GENETICS

Observable Variations in Human Beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Observe and record variations in tongue rolling, fingerprints and height. Distinguish between different types of variations. Create data tables.

Practical activity on tongue rolling. Fingerprint examination using ink pads. Height measurement and data recording.

Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 2-3

GENETICS

Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous and continuous variation. Give examples of each type. Plot frequency distribution graphs for continuous variation.

Analysis of tongue rolling and height data. Plotting frequency-height graphs on chalkboard. Discussion on differences between variation types.

Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 3-4

GENETICS

Chromosome Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes. Define chromatids, centromere and genes. Explain homologous chromosomes and chromosome numbers.

Drawing labeled chromosome diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome pairs in different species. Student drawing exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 5-6

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate chromosome behaviour during mitosis. Identify stages of mitosis. Explain importance of mitosis.
Describe chromosome behaviour during meiosis. Explain crossing over and reduction division. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

Practical activity using colored threads to model mitosis stages. Creating paper models of mitotic stages. Group discussions.
Continuation of chromosome modeling using threads. Demonstration of reduction division. Discussion on gamete formation.

Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 6-8
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 8-9

GENETICS

DNA Structure and Replication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of DNA. Explain DNA replication process. Understand the role of DNA in heredity.

Drawing DNA double helix on chalkboard. Step-by-step explanation of replication. Discussion on base pairing rules.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 10-12

GENETICS

DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain role of DNA in protein synthesis. Describe mRNA formation and function. Understand genetic code concept.

Exposition on transcription and translation. Discussion on messenger RNA. Examples of genetic codes using chalkboard diagrams.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 12-13

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17

GENETICS

Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18

GENETICS

Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18

GENETICS

Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve genetic problems involving complete dominance. Analyze inheritance patterns in garden peas. Practice genetic calculations.

Worked examples of genetic problems on chalkboard. Practice sessions with various characteristics. Group problem-solving.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 20-21

GENETICS

Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve genetic problems involving complete dominance. Analyze inheritance patterns in garden peas. Practice genetic calculations.

Worked examples of genetic problems on chalkboard. Practice sessions with various characteristics. Group problem-solving.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 20-21

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance
ABO Blood Group System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.
Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25

GENETICS

Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rhesus factor genetics. Explain test cross and back cross methods. Use selfing to determine genotypes.

Exposition on Rh factor inheritance using chalkboard. Demonstration of test cross technique. Practice problems on genotype determination.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 25-26

GENETICS

Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rhesus factor genetics. Explain test cross and back cross methods. Use selfing to determine genotypes.

Exposition on Rh factor inheritance using chalkboard. Demonstration of test cross technique. Practice problems on genotype determination.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 25-26

GENETICS

Sex Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.

Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27

GENETICS

Sex Determination
Gene Linkage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.
Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30