ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.

Students construct biomass from given data.

Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

Standard quadrats.
text book

KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.

Worked examples.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69
KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 66

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.

topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.

Detailed discussion, Q/A.

magazine

KLB BK III. PP 66. CERTIFICATE PG 83
CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY

Ascaris lumbricoides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

ECOLOGY

Bilharzia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.

Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.

chart

KLB BK III. P 69. CERTIFICATE PG 86

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.
Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.

Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

charts
Onion root tip.

Microscope

IM HCl

Cover slides.

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100
KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various stages of meiosis.
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.

Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Exposition and discussion.

Drawing diagrams/ discussion.

Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 105
KLB BK III.
P 87.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.
Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

To explain formation of seeds.

Exposition and detailed discussion.

Detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.
KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.
Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.


Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125
KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Detailed discussion.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.
Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148
KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110 CERTIFICATE PG  150
KLB BK III. PP.
112-113 CERTIFICATE PG 151