REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.

Exposition and discussion.

Drawing diagrams/ discussion.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 87.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.
To explain terms related to flowers.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.
Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fertilisation process in flowering plants.
Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define fertilisation.

To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

chart
text book

KLB BK III.
P 95.CERTIFICATE PG 121

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.
Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.
Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book
charts

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125
KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Detailed discussion.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book
chart
text book
Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.

Tabulate functional differences.

text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

CERTIFICATE PG 160

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

Detailed discussion.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Open discussion.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 123 

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.
Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

text book
Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178
KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.

Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine the region of growth in a root.

Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS
GENETICS

Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.
Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.

Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.

Exposition and explanations.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart
text book
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books

KLB BK III. P. 147 CERTIFICATE PG 190
KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199

GENETICS

Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous and continuous variation. Give examples of each type. Plot frequency distribution graphs for continuous variation.

Analysis of tongue rolling and height data. Plotting frequency-height graphs on chalkboard. Discussion on differences between variation types.

Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 3-4

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate chromosome behaviour during mitosis. Identify stages of mitosis. Explain importance of mitosis.

Practical activity using colored threads to model mitosis stages. Creating paper models of mitotic stages. Group discussions.

Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 6-8

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares
Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.
Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion
Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24

GENETICS

ABO Blood Group System
Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.

Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25

GENETICS

Sex Determination
Gene Linkage
Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.
Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia
Crossing Over and Recombination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain haemophilia inheritance. Understand carrier females and affected males. Analyze inheritance through generations.

Exposition on haemophilia genetics. Drawing inheritance patterns on chalkboard. Practice with pedigree construction and analysis.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 30-31

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chromosomal mutations. Explain non-disjunction during meiosis. Describe Down's syndrome and other chromosome disorders.

Exposition on non-disjunction using chalkboard diagrams. Drawing normal vs abnormal chromosome sets. Discussion on genetic disorders.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 32-35

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy
Gene Mutations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structural chromosome changes. Explain polyploidy in plants. Understand chromosome number variations.

Exposition on chromosome number changes. Examples of polyploidy in agriculture using chalkboard. Discussion on plant breeding applications.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 35-36

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Albinism
Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe albinism inheritance. Explain enzyme deficiency in albinism. Calculate inheritance probabilities. Draw genetic crosses.
Explain gene-environment interactions. Describe phenotypic plasticity. Understand limitations of genetic determinism.

Case study of albinism using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for albinism inheritance. Discussion on carrier parents and affected children.
Discussion on environmental influences using local examples. Plant growth under different conditions. Twin studies and environmental factors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 38-40
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 42-43

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of Genetics
Meaning of Evolution and Origin of Life Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify applications in plant and animal breeding. Explain genetic counselling. Understand blood transfusion genetics. Introduce genetic engineering basics.

Exposition on practical genetics applications. Local examples of plant breeding. Discussion on genetic counselling process and medical applications.

Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 43-49

EVOLUTION

Chemical Evolution and Miller's Experiment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Miller's spark discharge experiment. Explain formation of organic compounds from simple molecules. Understand primitive earth conditions.

Detailed exposition on Miller's experimental setup using chalkboard diagrams. Discussion on primitive atmosphere composition. Analysis of experimental results and significance.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple laboratory glassware for demonstration

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 53-55

EVOLUTION

Evidence for Evolution - Fossil Records
Geographical Distribution and Comparative Embryology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define fossils and explain fossil formation. Describe types of fossils. Analyze fossil evidence for evolution. Understand geological time scale.

Exposition on fossil formation processes. Examination of any available fossil specimens or pictures. Discussion on fossil records of humans and other organisms. Timeline construction on chalkboard.

Textbook, any available fossil specimens, pictures from textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, world map, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 55-62

EVOLUTION

Comparative Anatomy - Homologous Structures
Comparative Anatomy - Analogous and Vestigial Structures
Cell Biology and Comparative Serology Evidence

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define homologous structures. Examine pentadactyl limb in different vertebrates. Explain divergent evolution. Identify adaptive modifications.
Describe cellular evidence for evolution. Explain biochemical similarities in organisms. Understand serological tests for evolutionary relationships.

Practical examination of bone specimens or pictures. Drawing and labeling pentadactyl limbs of different animals. Discussion on common ancestry evidence. Comparison of limb modifications.
Discussion on universal cellular features. Exposition on ATP, DNA similarities across species. Explanation of blood protein comparisons. Simple demonstration of precipitation reactions.

Textbook, bone specimens (if available), pictures of animal limbs, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, wing specimens (bird feathers, insect specimens), chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple solutions for demonstration (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 63-67
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 69-70

EVOLUTION

Lamarck's Theory vs Darwin's Theory
Natural Selection in Action
Modern Examples of Evolution and Resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics. Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection. Compare and contrast both theories. Understand scientific acceptance criteria.

Exposition on Lamarck's giraffe example using chalkboard drawings. Detailed explanation of Darwin's natural selection theory. Comparison table construction. Discussion on scientific evidence.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
White and black paper, scissors, textbook, chalkboard
Textbook, local examples of pesticide resistance, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 71-73