Home






SCHEME OF WORK
Chemistry
Form 4 2025
TERM II
School


To enable/disable signing area for H.O.D & Principal, click here to update signature status on your profile.




To enable/disable showing Teachers name and TSC Number, click here to update teacher details status on your profile.












Did you know that you can edit this scheme? Just click on the part you want to edit!!! (Shift+Enter creates a new line)


WK LSN TOPIC SUB-TOPIC OBJECTIVES T/L ACTIVITIES T/L AIDS REFERENCE REMARKS
1 1
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Definition of Acids
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define an acid in terms of hydrogen ions
-Investigate reactions of magnesium and zinc carbonate with different acids
-Write equations for reactions taking place
-Explain why magnesium strip should be cleaned
Class experiment: React cleaned magnesium strips with 2M HCl, 2M ethanoic acid, 2M H₂SO₄, 2M ethanedioic acid. Record observations in table. Repeat using zinc carbonate. Write chemical equations. Discuss hydrogen ion displacement and gas evolution.
Magnesium strips, zinc carbonate, 2M HCl, 2M ethanoic acid, 2M H₂SO₄, 2M ethanedioic acid, test tubes, test tube rack
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 1-3
1 2
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Strength of Acids
Definition of Bases
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare strengths of acids using pH values
-Determine strengths of acids by comparing their electrical conductivity
-Classify acids as either strong or weak
-Explain complete and partial dissociation of acids
Class experiment: Test pH of 2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid using universal indicator. Set up electrical conductivity apparatus with both acids. Record milliammeter readings. Compare results and explain in terms of hydrogen ion concentration. Discuss strong vs weak acid definitions.
2M HCl, 2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, pH chart, electrical conductivity apparatus, milliammeter, carbon electrodes, beakers, wires
Calcium hydroxide, red litmus paper, phenolphthalein indicator, distilled water, test tubes, spatula, evaporating dish
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 3-5
1 3-4
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Strength of Bases
Acid-Base Reactions
Effect of Solvent on Acids
Effect of Solvent on Bases
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare strengths of bases using pH values
-Determine strengths of bases by comparing their electrical conductivity
-Classify bases as either strong or weak
-Explain complete and partial ionization of bases
- Explain effect of polar and non-polar solvents on hydrogen chloride
-Investigate HCl behavior in water vs methylbenzene
-Define polar and non-polar solvents
-Explain why acids show properties only in polar solvents
Class experiment: Test pH of 2M NaOH and 2M ammonia solution using universal indicator. Test electrical conductivity of both solutions using same apparatus as acids. Compare deflections and pH values. Explain in terms of OH⁻ ion concentration and complete vs partial ionization.
Teacher demonstration: Dissolve HCl gas in water and methylbenzene separately. Test both solutions with litmus paper, magnesium, and calcium carbonate. Compare observations. Explain polarity of water vs methylbenzene. Discuss dissociation vs molecular solution.
2M NaOH, 2M ammonia solution, universal indicator, pH chart, electrical conductivity apparatus, milliammeter, carbon electrodes
Various acids and bases from previous lessons, indicators, beakers, measuring cylinders, stirring rods
HCl gas, distilled water, methylbenzene, magnesium ribbon, calcium carbonate, litmus paper, test tubes, gas absorption apparatus
Dry ammonia gas, distilled water, methylbenzene, red litmus paper, test tubes, gas collection apparatus
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 5-7
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 7-9
1 5
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Amphoteric Oxides and Hydroxides
Definition of Salts and Precipitation
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define amphoteric oxides
-Identify some amphoteric oxides
-Investigate reactions with both acids and alkalis
-Write equations for amphoteric behavior
Class experiment: React Al₂O₃, ZnO, PbO, Zn(OH)₂, Al(OH)₃, Pb(OH)₂ with 2M HNO₃ and 2M NaOH. Warm mixtures. Record observations in table. Write equations showing basic and acidic behavior. Discuss dual nature of amphoteric substances.
Al₂O₃, ZnO, PbO, Zn(OH)₂, Al(OH)₃, Pb(OH)₂, 2M HNO₃, 2M NaOH, boiling tubes, heating source
Na₂CO₃ solution, salt solutions containing various metal ions, test tubes, droppers
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 10-11
2 1
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Solubility of Chlorides, Sulphates and Sulphites
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Find out cations that form insoluble chlorides, sulphates and sulphites
-Write ionic equations for formation of insoluble salts
-Distinguish between sulphate and sulphite precipitates
-Investigate effect of warming on precipitates
Class experiment: Add NaCl, Na₂SO₄, Na₂SO₃ to solutions of Pb²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺. Warm mixtures. Record observations in table. Test sulphite precipitates with dilute HCl. List soluble and insoluble salts.
2M NaCl, 2M Na₂SO₄, 2M Na₂SO₃, 0.1M salt solutions, dilute HCl, test tubes, heating source
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 14-16
2 2
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Complex Ions Formation
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain formation of complex ions
-Investigate reactions with excess sodium hydroxide and ammonia
-Identify metal ions that form complex ions
-Write equations for complex ion formation
Class experiment: Add NaOH dropwise then in excess to Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺ solutions. Repeat with NH₃ solution. Record observations showing precipitate formation and dissolution. Write equations for complex ion formation: [Zn(OH)₄]²⁻, [Al(OH)₄]⁻, [Pb(OH)₄]²⁻, [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺.
2M NaOH, 2M NH₃ solution, 0.5M salt solutions, test tubes, droppers
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 15-16
2 3-4
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Solubility and Saturated Solutions
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term solubility
-Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature
-Calculate mass of solute and solvent
-Express solubility in different units
- Investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of potassium chlorate
-Record temperature at which crystals appear
-Calculate solubility at different temperatures
-Plot solubility curve
Class experiment: Weigh evaporating dish and watch glass. Measure 20cm³ saturated KNO₃ solution. Record temperature. Evaporate to dryness carefully. Calculate masses of solute, solvent, and solution. Determine solubility per 100g water and in moles per litre. Discuss definition and significance.
Class experiment: Dissolve 4g KClO₃ in 15cm³ water by warming. Cool while stirring and note crystallization temperature. Add 5cm³ water portions and repeat until total volume is 40cm³. Calculate solubility in g/100g water for each temperature. Plot solubility vs temperature graph.
Saturated KNO₃ solution, evaporating dish, watch glass, measuring cylinder, thermometer, balance, heating source
KClO₃, measuring cylinders, thermometer, burette, boiling tubes, heating source, graph paper
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 16-18
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 18-20
2 5
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Solubility Curves and Applications
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Plot solubility curves for various salts
-Use solubility curves to determine mass of crystals formed
-Apply solubility curves to practical problems
-Compare solubility patterns of different salts
Using data from textbook, plot solubility curves for KNO₃, KClO₃, NaCl, CaSO₄. Calculate mass of crystals deposited when saturated solutions are cooled. Work through examples: KClO₃ cooled from 70°C to 30°C. Discuss applications in salt extraction and purification.
Graph paper, ruler, pencil, calculator, data tables from textbook
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 20-21
3 1
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Fractional Crystallization
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define fractional crystallization
-Apply knowledge of solubility curves in separation of salts
-Calculate masses of salts that crystallize
-Explain separation of salt mixtures
Work through separation problems using solubility data for KNO₃ and KClO₃ mixtures. Calculate which salt crystallizes first when cooled from 50°C to 20°C. Plot combined solubility curves. Discuss applications in Lake Magadi and Ngomeni salt works. Solve practice problems.
Calculator, graph paper, data tables, worked examples from textbook
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 21-22
3 2
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Hardness of Water - Investigation
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine the effects of various salt solutions on soap
-Identify cations that cause hardness
-Distinguish between hard and soft water
-Investigate effect of boiling on water hardness
Class experiment: Test soap lathering with distilled water, tap water, rainwater, and solutions of MgCl₂, NaCl, Ca(NO₃)₂, CaHCO₃, NaHCO₃, ZnSO₄. Record volumes of soap needed. Boil some solutions and retest. Compare results and identify hardness-causing ions.
Soap solution, burette, various salt solutions, conical flasks, distilled water, tap water, rainwater, heating source
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 22-24
3 3-4
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Types and Causes of Water Hardness
Effects of Hard Water
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define temporary and permanent hardness
-Explain causes of temporary hardness
-Explain causes of permanent hardness
-Write equations for decomposition of hydrogen carbonates
- State disadvantages of hard water
-State advantages of hard water
-Explain formation of scum and fur
-Discuss economic and health implications
Q/A: Review previous experiment results. Explain temporary hardness caused by Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂. Write decomposition equations when boiled. Explain permanent hardness caused by CaSO₄, MgSO₄, Ca(NO₃)₂, Mg(NO₃)₂. Discuss why permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Discussion based on practical experience: Soap wastage, scum formation on clothes, fur in kettles and pipes, pipe bursting in boilers. Advantages: calcium for bones, protection of lead pipes, use in brewing. Show examples of fur deposits. Calculate economic costs of hard water in households.
Student books, examples from previous experiment, chalkboard for equations
Samples of fur deposits, pictures of scaled pipes, calculator for cost analysis
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 24-25
3 5
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Methods of Removing Hardness I
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain removal of hardness by boiling
-Explain removal by distillation
-Write equations for these processes
-Compare effectiveness of different methods
Demonstrate boiling method: Boil hard water samples from previous experiments and test with soap. Write equations for Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂ decomposition. Discuss distillation method using apparatus setup. Compare costs and effectiveness. Explain why boiling only removes temporary hardness.
Hard water samples, heating source, soap solution, distillation apparatus diagram
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 25-26
4 1
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Methods of Removing Hardness II
Redox Reactions and Oxidation Numbers
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain removal using sodium carbonate
-Describe ion exchange method
-Explain removal using calcium hydroxide and ammonia
-Write equations for all processes
Demonstrate addition of Na₂CO₃ to hard water - observe precipitation. Explain ion exchange using resin (NaX) showing Ca²⁺ + 2NaX → CaX₂ + 2Na⁺. Discuss regeneration with brine. Write equations for Ca(OH)₂ and NH₃ methods. Compare all methods for effectiveness and cost.
Na₂CO₃ solution, hard water samples, ion exchange resin diagram, Ca(OH)₂, NH₃ solution
Iron filings, 1M CuSO₄, 1M FeSO₄, 2M NaOH, 20V H₂O₂, test tubes
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 25-26
4 2
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Oxidation Numbers in Naming and Redox Identification
Displacement Reactions - Metals and Halogens
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply oxidation numbers to systematic naming
- Use oxidation numbers to identify redox reactions
- Distinguish oxidizing and reducing agents
- Track electron movement in reactions
Worked examples: Calculate oxidation numbers in complex compounds
- Practice IUPAC naming
- Exercise 4.1: Identify redox reactions using oxidation numbers
- Name compounds with variable oxidation states
Compound charts, calculators, student books, practice exercises
Various metals (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu), metal salt solutions, halogens (Cl₂, Br₂, I₂), halide solutions
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 109-116
4 3-4
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrochemical Cells and Cell Diagrams
Standard Electrode Potentials
Calculating Cell EMF and Predicting Reactions
Types of Electrochemical Cells
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrode potential and EMF
- Describe electrochemical cell components
- Draw cell diagrams using correct notation
- Explain electron flow and salt bridge function
Calculate EMF using standard electrode potentials
- Predict reaction spontaneity using EMF
- Solve numerical problems on cell EMF
- Apply EMF calculations practically
Experiment 4.5: Set up Zn/Cu cell and other metal combinations
- Measure EMF values
- Practice writing cell notation
- Learn conventional representation methods
Worked examples: Calculate EMF for various cells
- Practice EMF calculations
- Exercise 4.2 & 4.3: Cell EMF and reaction feasibility problems
- Distinguish spontaneous from non-spontaneous reactions
Metal electrodes, 1M metal salt solutions, voltmeters, salt bridges, connecting wires
Standard electrode potential table, diagrams, charts showing standard conditions
Calculators, electrode potential data, worked examples, practice problems
Cell diagrams, sample batteries, charts showing cell applications
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 123-128
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 133-137
4 5
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions I
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions II
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrolysis and preferential discharge
- Investigate electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride
- Compare dilute vs concentrated solution effects
- Test products formed
Experiment 4.6(a): Electrolysis of dilute NaCl
- Experiment 4.6(b): Electrolysis of brine
- Test gases evolved
- Compare results and explain differences
Dilute and concentrated NaCl solutions, carbon electrodes, gas collection tubes, test equipment
U-tube apparatus, 2M H₂SO₄, 0.5M MgSO₄, platinum/carbon electrodes, gas syringes
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 141-146
5 1
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Effect of Electrode Material on Electrolysis
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare inert vs reactive electrodes
- Investigate electrode dissolution
- Explain electrode selection importance
- Analyze copper purification process
Experiment 4.9: Electrolysis of CuSO₄ with carbon vs copper electrodes
- Weigh electrodes before/after
- Observe color changes
- Discussion on electrode effects
Copper and carbon electrodes, 3M CuSO₄ solution, accurate balance, beakers, connecting wires
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 141-148
5 2
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Factors Affecting Electrolysis
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify factors affecting preferential discharge
- Explain electrochemical series influence
- Discuss concentration and electrode effects
- Predict electrolysis products
Review electrochemical series and discharge order
- Analysis of concentration effects on product formation
- Summary of all factors affecting electrolysis
- Practice prediction problems
Electrochemical series chart, summary tables, practice exercises, student books
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 153-155
5 3-4
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Applications of Electrolysis I
Applications of Electrolysis II
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe electrolytic extraction of reactive metals
- Explain electroplating process
- Apply electrolysis principles to metal coating
- Design electroplating setup
Describe manufacture of NaOH and Cl₂ from brine
- Explain mercury cell operation
- Analyze industrial electrolysis processes
- Discuss environmental considerations
Discussion: Extraction of Na, Mg, Al by electrolysis
- Practical: Electroplate iron nail with copper
- Calculate plating requirements
- Industrial applications
Study mercury cell for NaOH production
- Flow chart analysis of industrial processes
- Discussion on applications and environmental impact
- Purification of metals
Iron nails, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, power supply, industrial process diagrams
Flow charts, mercury cell diagrams, environmental impact data, industrial case studies
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 155-157
5 5
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Faraday's Laws and Quantitative Electrolysis
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Faraday's laws of electrolysis
- Define Faraday constant
- Calculate mass deposited in electrolysis
- Relate electricity to amount of substance
Experiment 4.10: Quantitative electrolysis of CuSO₄
- Measure mass vs electricity passed
- Calculate Faraday constant
- Verify Faraday's laws
Accurate balance, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, ammeter, timer, calculators
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164
6 1
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrolysis Calculations I
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate mass of products from electrolysis
- Determine volumes of gases evolved
- Apply Faraday's laws to numerical problems
- Solve basic electrolysis calculations
Worked examples: Mass and volume calculations
- Problems involving different ions
- Practice with Faraday constant
- Basic numerical problems
Calculators, worked examples, practice problems, gas volume data, Faraday constant
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164
6 2
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrolysis Calculations II
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine charge on ions from electrolysis data
- Calculate current-time relationships
- Solve complex multi-step problems
- Apply concepts to industrial situations
Complex problems: Determine ionic charges
- Current-time-mass relationships
- Multi-step calculations
- Industrial calculation examples
Calculators, complex problem sets, industrial data, student books
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164
6 3-4
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Advanced Applications and Problem Solving
Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature
Isomerism in Alkanols
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve examination-type electrochemistry problems
- Apply all concepts in integrated problems
- Analyze real-world electrochemical processes
- Practice complex calculations
Explain positional and chain isomerism
- Draw isomers of given alkanols
- Name different isomeric forms
- Classify isomers as primary, secondary, or tertiary
Comprehensive problems combining redox, cells, and electrolysis
- Past examination questions
- Industrial case study analysis
- Advanced problem-solving techniques
Study positional isomerism examples (propan-1-ol vs propan-2-ol)
- Practice drawing chain isomers
- Exercises on isomer identification and naming
- Discussion on structural differences
Past papers, comprehensive problem sets, industrial case studies, calculators
Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books
Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books
Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 108-164
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 170-171
6 5
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties
Chemical Properties of Alkanols I
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain hydration of ethene method
- Compare laboratory and industrial methods
- Analyze physical properties of alkanols
- Relate properties to molecular structure
Study ethene hydration using phosphoric acid catalyst
- Compare fermentation vs industrial methods
- Analyze Table 6.3 - physical properties
- Discussion on hydrogen bonding effects
Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts
Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 171-173
7 1
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Chemical Properties of Alkanols II
Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate oxidation and esterification reactions
- Test oxidizing agents on ethanol
- Prepare esters from alkanols
- Explain dehydration reactions
Complete Experiment 6.2: Test with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
- Observe color changes
- Esterification with ethanoic acid
- Study dehydration conditions
Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus
Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-176
7 2
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Introduction to Alkanoic Acids
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkanoic acids and functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules
- Draw structural formulae
- Compare with alkanols
Study carboxyl group (-COOH) structure
- Practice naming using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.5 and 6.6
- Compare functional groups of alkanols and acids
Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books
Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 177-179
7 3-4
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids
Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate chemical reactions of ethanoic acid
- Test with various reagents
- Write chemical equations
- Analyze acid strength
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters
Experiment following Table 6.8: Test ethanoic acid with indicators, metals, carbonates, bases
- Record observations
- Write equations
- Discuss weak acid behavior
Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres
2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes
Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 180-182
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183
7 5
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define detergents and classify types
- Explain saponification process
- Prepare soap in laboratory
- Compare soapy and soapless detergents
Study soap vs soapless detergent differences
- Experiment 6.5: Saponify castor oil with NaOH
- Add salt for salting out
- Test soap formation
Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 183-186
8 1
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters
Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations
Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188
8 2
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects
Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness
Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191
8 3-4
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization
Addition Polymers - Types and Properties
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define polymers, monomers, and polymerization
- Explain addition polymerization
- Draw polymer structures
- Calculate polymer properties
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties
Study polymer concept and terminology
- Practice drawing addition polymers from monomers
- Examples: polyethene, polypropene, PVC
- Calculate molecular masses
Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis
Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams
Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 191-195
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197
8 5
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation
Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural
Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200
9 1
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Polymer Properties and Applications
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers
- State uses of different polymers
- Discuss environmental concerns
- Analyze polymer selection
Study Table 6.10 - polymer uses
- Advantages: strength, lightness, moldability
- Disadvantages: non-biodegradability, toxic gases
- Application analysis
Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 200-201
9 2
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions
Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions
Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201
9-10

MIDTERM BREAK

11-14

END TERM EXAMINATIONS


Your Name Comes Here


Download

Feedback