CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.

Different plant species.

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.
Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Chart , graphs.
text book

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.

Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.

Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 53

ECOLOGY

The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.



To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.

Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58
KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

charts
chart

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47

ECOLOGY

Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.

To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.

Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.

Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.

Supervised Exercise.

text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 42-43 CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.

Students construct biomass from given data.

chart

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.



Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

text book
Standard quadrats.
text book

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60
KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 64

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.
Detailed discussion & probing questions.

text book
topic related video

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70
KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.

Detailed discussion, Q/A.

magazine

KLB BK III. PP 66. CERTIFICATE PG 83
CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY

Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.

Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.

Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Onion root tip.

Microscope

IM HCl

Cover slides.

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Detailed discussion.
Explanations and drawing diagrams.

text book
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102
KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 105

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.
Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.
To draw and label a flower.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.
Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113
KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
To define fertilisation.

To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III.
P 95.CERTIFICATE PG 121