ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Redox Reactions and Oxidation Numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define redox reactions in terms of electron transfer
- State rules for assigning oxidation numbers
- Calculate oxidation numbers in compounds
- Identify oxidation and reduction processes

Q/A: Review previous knowledge
- Experiment 4.1: Iron filings + copper(II) sulphate
- Experiment 4.2: Iron(II) ions + hydrogen peroxide
- Discussion on oxidation number rules with examples

Iron filings, 1M CuSO₄, 1M FeSO₄, 2M NaOH, 20V H₂O₂, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 108-116

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Oxidation Numbers in Naming and Redox Identification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply oxidation numbers to systematic naming
- Use oxidation numbers to identify redox reactions
- Distinguish oxidizing and reducing agents
- Track electron movement in reactions

Worked examples: Calculate oxidation numbers in complex compounds
- Practice IUPAC naming
- Exercise 4.1: Identify redox reactions using oxidation numbers
- Name compounds with variable oxidation states

Compound charts, calculators, student books, practice exercises

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 109-116

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Displacement Reactions - Metals and Halogens
Electrochemical Cells and Cell Diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain displacement reactions using electron transfer
- Arrange metals and halogens by reactivity
- Predict displacement reactions
- Compare oxidizing powers of halogens
Define electrode potential and EMF
- Describe electrochemical cell components
- Draw cell diagrams using correct notation
- Explain electron flow and salt bridge function

Experiment 4.3: Metal displacement reactions - systematic testing
- Experiment 4.4: Halogen displacement (FUME CUPBOARD)
- Tabulate results and arrange by reactivity
Experiment 4.5: Set up Zn/Cu cell and other metal combinations
- Measure EMF values
- Practice writing cell notation
- Learn conventional representation methods

Various metals (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu), metal salt solutions, halogens (Cl₂, Br₂, I₂), halide solutions
Metal electrodes, 1M metal salt solutions, voltmeters, salt bridges, connecting wires

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 116-122
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 123-128

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Standard Electrode Potentials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define standard electrode potential
- Describe standard hydrogen electrode
- List standard conditions
- Use electrode potential tables effectively

Study standard hydrogen electrode setup
- Discussion of standard conditions (25°C, 1M, 1 atm)
- Introduction to electrode potential series
- Practice reading potential tables

Standard electrode potential table, diagrams, charts showing standard conditions

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 129-133

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Calculating Cell EMF and Predicting Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate EMF using standard electrode potentials
- Predict reaction spontaneity using EMF
- Solve numerical problems on cell EMF
- Apply EMF calculations practically

Worked examples: Calculate EMF for various cells
- Practice EMF calculations
- Exercise 4.2 & 4.3: Cell EMF and reaction feasibility problems
- Distinguish spontaneous from non-spontaneous reactions

Calculators, electrode potential data, worked examples, practice problems

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 133-137

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Types of Electrochemical Cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe functioning of primary and secondary cells
- Compare different cell types
- Explain fuel cell operation
- State applications of electrochemical cells

Study dry cell (Le Clanche) and lead-acid accumulator
- Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell operation
- Compare cell types and applications
- Discussion on advantages/disadvantages

Cell diagrams, sample batteries, charts showing cell applications

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 138-141

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrolysis and preferential discharge
- Investigate electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride
- Compare dilute vs concentrated solution effects
- Test products formed

Experiment 4.6(a): Electrolysis of dilute NaCl
- Experiment 4.6(b): Electrolysis of brine
- Test gases evolved
- Compare results and explain differences

Dilute and concentrated NaCl solutions, carbon electrodes, gas collection tubes, test equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 141-146

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions II
Effect of Electrode Material on Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid
- Investigate electrolysis of metal salt solutions
- Measure gas volumes and ratios
- Apply theoretical predictions
Compare inert vs reactive electrodes
- Investigate electrode dissolution
- Explain electrode selection importance
- Analyze copper purification process

Experiment 4.7: Electrolysis of dilute H₂SO₄ using U-tube
- Experiment 4.8: Electrolysis of MgSO₄ solution
- Collect and measure gases
- Analyze volume ratios
Experiment 4.9: Electrolysis of CuSO₄ with carbon vs copper electrodes
- Weigh electrodes before/after
- Observe color changes
- Discussion on electrode effects

U-tube apparatus, 2M H₂SO₄, 0.5M MgSO₄, platinum/carbon electrodes, gas syringes
Copper and carbon electrodes, 3M CuSO₄ solution, accurate balance, beakers, connecting wires

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 146-148
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 141-148

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Effect of Electrode Material on Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare inert vs reactive electrodes
- Investigate electrode dissolution
- Explain electrode selection importance
- Analyze copper purification process

Experiment 4.9: Electrolysis of CuSO₄ with carbon vs copper electrodes
- Weigh electrodes before/after
- Observe color changes
- Discussion on electrode effects

Copper and carbon electrodes, 3M CuSO₄ solution, accurate balance, beakers, connecting wires

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 141-148

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Factors Affecting Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify factors affecting preferential discharge
- Explain electrochemical series influence
- Discuss concentration and electrode effects
- Predict electrolysis products

Review electrochemical series and discharge order
- Analysis of concentration effects on product formation
- Summary of all factors affecting electrolysis
- Practice prediction problems

Electrochemical series chart, summary tables, practice exercises, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 153-155

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Applications of Electrolysis I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe electrolytic extraction of reactive metals
- Explain electroplating process
- Apply electrolysis principles to metal coating
- Design electroplating setup

Discussion: Extraction of Na, Mg, Al by electrolysis
- Practical: Electroplate iron nail with copper
- Calculate plating requirements
- Industrial applications

Iron nails, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, power supply, industrial process diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 155-157

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Applications of Electrolysis I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe electrolytic extraction of reactive metals
- Explain electroplating process
- Apply electrolysis principles to metal coating
- Design electroplating setup

Discussion: Extraction of Na, Mg, Al by electrolysis
- Practical: Electroplate iron nail with copper
- Calculate plating requirements
- Industrial applications

Iron nails, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, power supply, industrial process diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 155-157

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Applications of Electrolysis I
Applications of Electrolysis II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe electrolytic extraction of reactive metals
- Explain electroplating process
- Apply electrolysis principles to metal coating
- Design electroplating setup
Describe manufacture of NaOH and Cl₂ from brine
- Explain mercury cell operation
- Analyze industrial electrolysis processes
- Discuss environmental considerations

Discussion: Extraction of Na, Mg, Al by electrolysis
- Practical: Electroplate iron nail with copper
- Calculate plating requirements
- Industrial applications
Study mercury cell for NaOH production
- Flow chart analysis of industrial processes
- Discussion on applications and environmental impact
- Purification of metals

Iron nails, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, power supply, industrial process diagrams
Flow charts, mercury cell diagrams, environmental impact data, industrial case studies

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 155-157

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Faraday's Laws and Quantitative Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Faraday's laws of electrolysis
- Define Faraday constant
- Calculate mass deposited in electrolysis
- Relate electricity to amount of substance

Experiment 4.10: Quantitative electrolysis of CuSO₄
- Measure mass vs electricity passed
- Calculate Faraday constant
- Verify Faraday's laws

Accurate balance, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, ammeter, timer, calculators

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Faraday's Laws and Quantitative Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Faraday's laws of electrolysis
- Define Faraday constant
- Calculate mass deposited in electrolysis
- Relate electricity to amount of substance

Experiment 4.10: Quantitative electrolysis of CuSO₄
- Measure mass vs electricity passed
- Calculate Faraday constant
- Verify Faraday's laws

Accurate balance, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, ammeter, timer, calculators

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrolysis Calculations I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate mass of products from electrolysis
- Determine volumes of gases evolved
- Apply Faraday's laws to numerical problems
- Solve basic electrolysis calculations

Worked examples: Mass and volume calculations
- Problems involving different ions
- Practice with Faraday constant
- Basic numerical problems

Calculators, worked examples, practice problems, gas volume data, Faraday constant

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrolysis Calculations I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate mass of products from electrolysis
- Determine volumes of gases evolved
- Apply Faraday's laws to numerical problems
- Solve basic electrolysis calculations

Worked examples: Mass and volume calculations
- Problems involving different ions
- Practice with Faraday constant
- Basic numerical problems

Calculators, worked examples, practice problems, gas volume data, Faraday constant

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrolysis Calculations II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine charge on ions from electrolysis data
- Calculate current-time relationships
- Solve complex multi-step problems
- Apply concepts to industrial situations

Complex problems: Determine ionic charges
- Current-time-mass relationships
- Multi-step calculations
- Industrial calculation examples

Calculators, complex problem sets, industrial data, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-164

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Advanced Applications and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve examination-type electrochemistry problems
- Apply all concepts in integrated problems
- Analyze real-world electrochemical processes
- Practice complex calculations

Comprehensive problems combining redox, cells, and electrolysis
- Past examination questions
- Industrial case study analysis
- Advanced problem-solving techniques

Past papers, comprehensive problem sets, industrial case studies, calculators

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 108-164

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Advanced Applications and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve examination-type electrochemistry problems
- Apply all concepts in integrated problems
- Analyze real-world electrochemical processes
- Practice complex calculations

Comprehensive problems combining redox, cells, and electrolysis
- Past examination questions
- Industrial case study analysis
- Advanced problem-solving techniques

Past papers, comprehensive problem sets, industrial case studies, calculators

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 108-164

METALS

Chief Ores of Metals and General Extraction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name chief ores of common metals
- State formulas of metal ores
- Explain general methods of ore concentration
- Describe factors affecting extraction methods

Q/A: Review metallic bonding and reactivity
- Study Table 5.1 - metal ores and formulas
- Discussion on ore concentration methods
- Froth flotation demonstration

Chart of metal ores, ore samples if available, Table 5.1, flotation apparatus demonstration

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 139-140

METALS

Occurrence and Extraction of Sodium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence of sodium compounds
- Explain Down's process for sodium extraction
- Draw labeled diagram of Down's cell
- Write electrode equations for sodium extraction

Study sodium occurrence in nature
- Teacher demonstration: Down's cell diagram and operation
- Discussion on calcium chloride addition
- Write electrode reactions and overall equation

Down's cell diagram, charts showing sodium occurrence, electrode reaction equations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 140-142

METALS

Occurrence and Extraction of Aluminium I
Extraction of Aluminium II - Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe occurrence and ores of aluminium
- Explain ore concentration process
- Write equations for bauxite purification
- Describe amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide
Explain role of cryolite in aluminium extraction
- Describe electrolytic extraction process
- Write electrode equations
- Explain why anodes need replacement

Study aluminium occurrence and bauxite composition
- Demonstration of amphoteric properties
- Equations for bauxite dissolution in NaOH
- Discussion on impurity removal
Study Hall-Heroult process setup
- Analysis of electrolytic cell diagram
- Write electrode reactions
- Discussion on energy requirements and anode corrosion

Bauxite samples, NaOH solution, charts showing aluminium extraction steps, chemical equations
Electrolytic cell diagram, cryolite samples, graphite electrodes, energy consumption data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 142-143

METALS

Occurrence and Extraction of Iron

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe iron ores and occurrence
- Explain blast furnace operation
- Write equations for iron extraction reactions
- Describe slag formation process

Study iron ores and blast furnace structure
- Analysis of temperature zones in furnace
- Write reduction equations
- Discussion on limestone role and slag formation

Blast furnace diagram, iron ore samples, coke, limestone, temperature zone charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 143-145

METALS

Extraction of Zinc

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe zinc ores and occurrence
- Compare reduction and electrolytic methods
- Write equations for zinc extraction
- Explain lead removal process

Study zinc blende and calamine
- Compare two extraction methods
- Roasting equations and reduction process
- Discussion on electrolytic method advantages

Zinc ore samples, flow charts showing both methods, electrolytic cell diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 145-148

METALS

Extraction of Lead and Copper

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain extraction of lead from galena
- Describe copper extraction from copper pyrites
- Write relevant chemical equations
- Compare purification methods

Study galena roasting and reduction
- Copper pyrites multi-step extraction
- Electrolytic purification processes
- Discussion on blister copper formation

Lead and copper ore samples, extraction flow charts, electrolytic purification diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 148-151

METALS

Physical Properties of Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare physical properties of sodium, aluminium, zinc, iron and copper
- Explain metallic bonding effects
- Relate structure to properties
- Analyze property data

Study Table 5.2 - physical properties comparison
- Discussion on metallic bonding and electron sea model
- Analysis of melting points, conductivity, and density trends

Table 5.2, metal samples, conductivity apparatus, density measurement equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 151-152

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature
Isomerism in Alkanols

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkanols and identify functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules for alkanols
- Draw structural formulae of simple alkanols
- Compare alkanols with corresponding alkanes
Explain positional and chain isomerism
- Draw isomers of given alkanols
- Name different isomeric forms
- Classify isomers as primary, secondary, or tertiary

Q/A: Review alkanes, alkenes from Form 3
- Study functional group -OH concept
- Practice naming alkanols using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.2 - alkanol structures
Study positional isomerism examples (propan-1-ol vs propan-2-ol)
- Practice drawing chain isomers
- Exercises on isomer identification and naming
- Discussion on structural differences

Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books
Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-170
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 170-171

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe fermentation process
- Prepare ethanol in laboratory
- Write equation for glucose fermentation
- Explain role of yeast and conditions needed

Experiment 6.1: Fermentation of sugar solution with yeast
- Set up apparatus for 2-3 days
- Observe gas evolution
- Test for CO₂ with lime water
- Smell final product

Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 171-172

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain hydration of ethene method
- Compare laboratory and industrial methods
- Analyze physical properties of alkanols
- Relate properties to molecular structure

Study ethene hydration using phosphoric acid catalyst
- Compare fermentation vs industrial methods
- Analyze Table 6.3 - physical properties
- Discussion on hydrogen bonding effects

Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 171-173

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Properties of Alkanols I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test reactions of ethanol with various reagents
- Write equations for ethanol reactions
- Identify products formed
- Explain reaction mechanisms

Experiment 6.2: Test ethanol with burning, universal indicator, sodium metal, acids
- Record observations in Table 6.4
- Write balanced equations
- Discuss reaction types

Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-175

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Properties of Alkanols II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate oxidation and esterification reactions
- Test oxidizing agents on ethanol
- Prepare esters from alkanols
- Explain dehydration reactions

Complete Experiment 6.2: Test with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
- Observe color changes
- Esterification with ethanoic acid
- Study dehydration conditions

Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-176

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects
Introduction to Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State various uses of alkanols
- Explain health effects of alcohol consumption
- Discuss methylated spirits
- Analyze alcohol in society
Define alkanoic acids and functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules
- Draw structural formulae
- Compare with alkanols

Discussion on alkanol applications as solvents, fuels, antiseptics
- Health effects of alcohol consumption
- Methylated spirits composition
- Social implications
Study carboxyl group (-COOH) structure
- Practice naming using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.5 and 6.6
- Compare functional groups of alkanols and acids

Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials
Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 176-177
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 177-179

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethanoic acid by oxidation
- Write equations for preparation
- Set up oxidation apparatus
- Identify product by testing

Experiment 6.3: Oxidize ethanol using acidified KMnO₄
- Set up heating and distillation apparatus
- Collect distillate at 118°C
- Test product properties

Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 179-180

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate chemical reactions of ethanoic acid
- Test with various reagents
- Write chemical equations
- Analyze acid strength

Experiment following Table 6.8: Test ethanoic acid with indicators, metals, carbonates, bases
- Record observations
- Write equations
- Discuss weak acid behavior

2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 180-182

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids
Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters
Define detergents and classify types
- Explain saponification process
- Prepare soap in laboratory
- Compare soapy and soapless detergents

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres
Study soap vs soapless detergent differences
- Experiment 6.5: Saponify castor oil with NaOH
- Add salt for salting out
- Test soap formation

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water
Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 183-186

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters

Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations

Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters

Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations

Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects

Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness

Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects

Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness

Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define polymers, monomers, and polymerization
- Explain addition polymerization
- Draw polymer structures
- Calculate polymer properties

Study polymer concept and terminology
- Practice drawing addition polymers from monomers
- Examples: polyethene, polypropene, PVC
- Calculate molecular masses

Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 191-195

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation

Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural

Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation

Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural

Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Polymer Properties and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers
- State uses of different polymers
- Discuss environmental concerns
- Analyze polymer selection

Study Table 6.10 - polymer uses
- Advantages: strength, lightness, moldability
- Disadvantages: non-biodegradability, toxic gases
- Application analysis

Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 200-201

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201