ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Definition of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define an acid in terms of hydrogen ions
-Investigate reactions of magnesium and zinc carbonate with different acids
-Write equations for reactions taking place
-Explain why magnesium strip should be cleaned

Class experiment: React cleaned magnesium strips with 2M HCl, 2M ethanoic acid, 2M H₂SO₄, 2M ethanedioic acid. Record observations in table. Repeat using zinc carbonate. Write chemical equations. Discuss hydrogen ion displacement and gas evolution.

Magnesium strips, zinc carbonate, 2M HCl, 2M ethanoic acid, 2M H₂SO₄, 2M ethanedioic acid, test tubes, test tube rack

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 1-3

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Strength of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare strengths of acids using pH values
-Determine strengths of acids by comparing their electrical conductivity
-Classify acids as either strong or weak
-Explain complete and partial dissociation of acids

Class experiment: Test pH of 2M HCl and 2M ethanoic acid using universal indicator. Set up electrical conductivity apparatus with both acids. Record milliammeter readings. Compare results and explain in terms of hydrogen ion concentration. Discuss strong vs weak acid definitions.

2M HCl, 2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, pH chart, electrical conductivity apparatus, milliammeter, carbon electrodes, beakers, wires

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 3-5

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Definition of Bases
Strength of Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define a base in terms of hydroxide ions
-Investigate effect of calcium hydroxide in water
-Test solutions with litmus paper
-Explain dissociation of bases in water

Teacher demonstration: Place dry calcium hydroxide on dry red litmus paper. Dissolve calcium hydroxide in water, test with litmus paper and phenolphthalein. Discuss observations and write dissociation equation. Define bases in terms of OH⁻ ions.

Calcium hydroxide, red litmus paper, phenolphthalein indicator, distilled water, test tubes, spatula, evaporating dish
2M NaOH, 2M ammonia solution, universal indicator, pH chart, electrical conductivity apparatus, milliammeter, carbon electrodes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 5-6

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Acid-Base Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Write equations for acid-base reactions
-Explain neutralization process
-Identify products of acid-base reactions
-Demonstrate formation of salt and water

Q/A: Review acid and base definitions. Demonstrate neutralization reactions: HCl + NaOH, H₂SO₄ + Ca(OH)₂, HNO₃ + KOH. Write molecular and ionic equations. Explain H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O. Discuss salt formation. Use indicators to show neutralization point.

Various acids and bases from previous lessons, indicators, beakers, measuring cylinders, stirring rods

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 6-7

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Effect of Solvent on Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain effect of polar and non-polar solvents on hydrogen chloride
-Investigate HCl behavior in water vs methylbenzene
-Define polar and non-polar solvents
-Explain why acids show properties only in polar solvents

Teacher demonstration: Dissolve HCl gas in water and methylbenzene separately. Test both solutions with litmus paper, magnesium, and calcium carbonate. Compare observations. Explain polarity of water vs methylbenzene. Discuss dissociation vs molecular solution.

HCl gas, distilled water, methylbenzene, magnesium ribbon, calcium carbonate, litmus paper, test tubes, gas absorption apparatus

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 7-9

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Effect of Solvent on Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate effect of polar and non-polar solvents on ammonia gas
-Compare ammonia behavior in water vs methylbenzene
-Explain formation of ammonium hydroxide
-Write equations for ammonia dissolution in water

Class experiment: Test dry ammonia with dry litmus. Dissolve ammonia in water and test with litmus. Dissolve ammonia in methylbenzene and test with litmus. Record observations in table. Write equation for NH₃ + H₂O reaction. Explain why only aqueous ammonia shows basic properties.

Dry ammonia gas, distilled water, methylbenzene, red litmus paper, test tubes, gas collection apparatus

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 9-10

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Amphoteric Oxides and Hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define amphoteric oxides
-Identify some amphoteric oxides
-Investigate reactions with both acids and alkalis
-Write equations for amphoteric behavior

Class experiment: React Al₂O₃, ZnO, PbO, Zn(OH)₂, Al(OH)₃, Pb(OH)₂ with 2M HNO₃ and 2M NaOH. Warm mixtures. Record observations in table. Write equations showing basic and acidic behavior. Discuss dual nature of amphoteric substances.

Al₂O₃, ZnO, PbO, Zn(OH)₂, Al(OH)₃, Pb(OH)₂, 2M HNO₃, 2M NaOH, boiling tubes, heating source

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 10-11

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Definition of Salts and Precipitation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define a salt as an ionic compound
-Define a precipitate
-Investigate precipitation reactions
-Write ionic equations showing formation of precipitates

Q/A: Review salt definition from Book 2. Demonstrate precipitation: Add sodium carbonate to solutions containing Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺ ions. Record observations. Write ionic equations for precipitate formation. Explain why Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ give different results.

Na₂CO₃ solution, salt solutions containing various metal ions, test tubes, droppers

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 11-14

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Solubility of Chlorides, Sulphates and Sulphites

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Find out cations that form insoluble chlorides, sulphates and sulphites
-Write ionic equations for formation of insoluble salts
-Distinguish between sulphate and sulphite precipitates
-Investigate effect of warming on precipitates

Class experiment: Add NaCl, Na₂SO₄, Na₂SO₃ to solutions of Pb²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺. Warm mixtures. Record observations in table. Test sulphite precipitates with dilute HCl. List soluble and insoluble salts.

2M NaCl, 2M Na₂SO₄, 2M Na₂SO₃, 0.1M salt solutions, dilute HCl, test tubes, heating source

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 14-16

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Complex Ions Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain formation of complex ions
-Investigate reactions with excess sodium hydroxide and ammonia
-Identify metal ions that form complex ions
-Write equations for complex ion formation

Class experiment: Add NaOH dropwise then in excess to Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺ solutions. Repeat with NH₃ solution. Record observations showing precipitate formation and dissolution. Write equations for complex ion formation: [Zn(OH)₄]²⁻, [Al(OH)₄]⁻, [Pb(OH)₄]²⁻, [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺.

2M NaOH, 2M NH₃ solution, 0.5M salt solutions, test tubes, droppers

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 15-16

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Solubility and Saturated Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term solubility
-Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature
-Calculate mass of solute and solvent
-Express solubility in different units

Class experiment: Weigh evaporating dish and watch glass. Measure 20cm³ saturated KNO₃ solution. Record temperature. Evaporate to dryness carefully. Calculate masses of solute, solvent, and solution. Determine solubility per 100g water and in moles per litre. Discuss definition and significance.

Saturated KNO₃ solution, evaporating dish, watch glass, measuring cylinder, thermometer, balance, heating source

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 16-18

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Solubility and Saturated Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term solubility
-Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature
-Calculate mass of solute and solvent
-Express solubility in different units

Class experiment: Weigh evaporating dish and watch glass. Measure 20cm³ saturated KNO₃ solution. Record temperature. Evaporate to dryness carefully. Calculate masses of solute, solvent, and solution. Determine solubility per 100g water and in moles per litre. Discuss definition and significance.

Saturated KNO₃ solution, evaporating dish, watch glass, measuring cylinder, thermometer, balance, heating source

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 16-18

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Solubility and Saturated Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term solubility
-Determine solubility of a given salt at room temperature
-Calculate mass of solute and solvent
-Express solubility in different units

Class experiment: Weigh evaporating dish and watch glass. Measure 20cm³ saturated KNO₃ solution. Record temperature. Evaporate to dryness carefully. Calculate masses of solute, solvent, and solution. Determine solubility per 100g water and in moles per litre. Discuss definition and significance.

Saturated KNO₃ solution, evaporating dish, watch glass, measuring cylinder, thermometer, balance, heating source

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 16-18

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Effect of Temperature on Solubility

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of potassium chlorate
-Record temperature at which crystals appear
-Calculate solubility at different temperatures
-Plot solubility curve

Class experiment: Dissolve 4g KClO₃ in 15cm³ water by warming. Cool while stirring and note crystallization temperature. Add 5cm³ water portions and repeat until total volume is 40cm³. Calculate solubility in g/100g water for each temperature. Plot solubility vs temperature graph.

KClO₃, measuring cylinders, thermometer, burette, boiling tubes, heating source, graph paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 18-20

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Solubility Curves and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Plot solubility curves for various salts
-Use solubility curves to determine mass of crystals formed
-Apply solubility curves to practical problems
-Compare solubility patterns of different salts

Using data from textbook, plot solubility curves for KNO₃, KClO₃, NaCl, CaSO₄. Calculate mass of crystals deposited when saturated solutions are cooled. Work through examples: KClO₃ cooled from 70°C to 30°C. Discuss applications in salt extraction and purification.

Graph paper, ruler, pencil, calculator, data tables from textbook

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 20-21

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Fractional Crystallization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define fractional crystallization
-Apply knowledge of solubility curves in separation of salts
-Calculate masses of salts that crystallize
-Explain separation of salt mixtures

Work through separation problems using solubility data for KNO₃ and KClO₃ mixtures. Calculate which salt crystallizes first when cooled from 50°C to 20°C. Plot combined solubility curves. Discuss applications in Lake Magadi and Ngomeni salt works. Solve practice problems.

Calculator, graph paper, data tables, worked examples from textbook

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 21-22

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Fractional Crystallization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define fractional crystallization
-Apply knowledge of solubility curves in separation of salts
-Calculate masses of salts that crystallize
-Explain separation of salt mixtures

Work through separation problems using solubility data for KNO₃ and KClO₃ mixtures. Calculate which salt crystallizes first when cooled from 50°C to 20°C. Plot combined solubility curves. Discuss applications in Lake Magadi and Ngomeni salt works. Solve practice problems.

Calculator, graph paper, data tables, worked examples from textbook

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 21-22

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Fractional Crystallization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define fractional crystallization
-Apply knowledge of solubility curves in separation of salts
-Calculate masses of salts that crystallize
-Explain separation of salt mixtures

Work through separation problems using solubility data for KNO₃ and KClO₃ mixtures. Calculate which salt crystallizes first when cooled from 50°C to 20°C. Plot combined solubility curves. Discuss applications in Lake Magadi and Ngomeni salt works. Solve practice problems.

Calculator, graph paper, data tables, worked examples from textbook

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 21-22

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Hardness of Water - Investigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine the effects of various salt solutions on soap
-Identify cations that cause hardness
-Distinguish between hard and soft water
-Investigate effect of boiling on water hardness

Class experiment: Test soap lathering with distilled water, tap water, rainwater, and solutions of MgCl₂, NaCl, Ca(NO₃)₂, CaHCO₃, NaHCO₃, ZnSO₄. Record volumes of soap needed. Boil some solutions and retest. Compare results and identify hardness-causing ions.

Soap solution, burette, various salt solutions, conical flasks, distilled water, tap water, rainwater, heating source

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 22-24

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Types and Causes of Water Hardness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define temporary and permanent hardness
-Explain causes of temporary hardness
-Explain causes of permanent hardness
-Write equations for decomposition of hydrogen carbonates

Q/A: Review previous experiment results. Explain temporary hardness caused by Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂. Write decomposition equations when boiled. Explain permanent hardness caused by CaSO₄, MgSO₄, Ca(NO₃)₂, Mg(NO₃)₂. Discuss why permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling.

Student books, examples from previous experiment, chalkboard for equations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 24-25

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Effects of Hard Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State disadvantages of hard water
-State advantages of hard water
-Explain formation of scum and fur
-Discuss economic and health implications

Discussion based on practical experience: Soap wastage, scum formation on clothes, fur in kettles and pipes, pipe bursting in boilers. Advantages: calcium for bones, protection of lead pipes, use in brewing. Show examples of fur deposits. Calculate economic costs of hard water in households.

Samples of fur deposits, pictures of scaled pipes, calculator for cost analysis

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 24-25

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Effects of Hard Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State disadvantages of hard water
-State advantages of hard water
-Explain formation of scum and fur
-Discuss economic and health implications

Discussion based on practical experience: Soap wastage, scum formation on clothes, fur in kettles and pipes, pipe bursting in boilers. Advantages: calcium for bones, protection of lead pipes, use in brewing. Show examples of fur deposits. Calculate economic costs of hard water in households.

Samples of fur deposits, pictures of scaled pipes, calculator for cost analysis

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 24-25

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Effects of Hard Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State disadvantages of hard water
-State advantages of hard water
-Explain formation of scum and fur
-Discuss economic and health implications

Discussion based on practical experience: Soap wastage, scum formation on clothes, fur in kettles and pipes, pipe bursting in boilers. Advantages: calcium for bones, protection of lead pipes, use in brewing. Show examples of fur deposits. Calculate economic costs of hard water in households.

Samples of fur deposits, pictures of scaled pipes, calculator for cost analysis

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 24-25

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Methods of Removing Hardness I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain removal of hardness by boiling
-Explain removal by distillation
-Write equations for these processes
-Compare effectiveness of different methods

Demonstrate boiling method: Boil hard water samples from previous experiments and test with soap. Write equations for Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂ decomposition. Discuss distillation method using apparatus setup. Compare costs and effectiveness. Explain why boiling only removes temporary hardness.

Hard water samples, heating source, soap solution, distillation apparatus diagram

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 25-26

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Methods of Removing Hardness II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain removal using sodium carbonate
-Describe ion exchange method
-Explain removal using calcium hydroxide and ammonia
-Write equations for all processes

Demonstrate addition of Na₂CO₃ to hard water - observe precipitation. Explain ion exchange using resin (NaX) showing Ca²⁺ + 2NaX → CaX₂ + 2Na⁺. Discuss regeneration with brine. Write equations for Ca(OH)₂ and NH₃ methods. Compare all methods for effectiveness and cost.

Na₂CO₃ solution, hard water samples, ion exchange resin diagram, Ca(OH)₂, NH₃ solution

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 25-26

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkanols and identify functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules for alkanols
- Draw structural formulae of simple alkanols
- Compare alkanols with corresponding alkanes

Q/A: Review alkanes, alkenes from Form 3
- Study functional group -OH concept
- Practice naming alkanols using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.2 - alkanol structures

Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-170

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkanols and identify functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules for alkanols
- Draw structural formulae of simple alkanols
- Compare alkanols with corresponding alkanes

Q/A: Review alkanes, alkenes from Form 3
- Study functional group -OH concept
- Practice naming alkanols using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.2 - alkanol structures

Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-170

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Isomerism in Alkanols
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positional and chain isomerism
- Draw isomers of given alkanols
- Name different isomeric forms
- Classify isomers as primary, secondary, or tertiary

Study positional isomerism examples (propan-1-ol vs propan-2-ol)
- Practice drawing chain isomers
- Exercises on isomer identification and naming
- Discussion on structural differences

Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books
Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 170-171

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain hydration of ethene method
- Compare laboratory and industrial methods
- Analyze physical properties of alkanols
- Relate properties to molecular structure

Study ethene hydration using phosphoric acid catalyst
- Compare fermentation vs industrial methods
- Analyze Table 6.3 - physical properties
- Discussion on hydrogen bonding effects

Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 171-173

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Properties of Alkanols I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test reactions of ethanol with various reagents
- Write equations for ethanol reactions
- Identify products formed
- Explain reaction mechanisms

Experiment 6.2: Test ethanol with burning, universal indicator, sodium metal, acids
- Record observations in Table 6.4
- Write balanced equations
- Discuss reaction types

Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-175

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Properties of Alkanols II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate oxidation and esterification reactions
- Test oxidizing agents on ethanol
- Prepare esters from alkanols
- Explain dehydration reactions

Complete Experiment 6.2: Test with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
- Observe color changes
- Esterification with ethanoic acid
- Study dehydration conditions

Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-176

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State various uses of alkanols
- Explain health effects of alcohol consumption
- Discuss methylated spirits
- Analyze alcohol in society

Discussion on alkanol applications as solvents, fuels, antiseptics
- Health effects of alcohol consumption
- Methylated spirits composition
- Social implications

Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 176-177

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Alkanoic Acids
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkanoic acids and functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules
- Draw structural formulae
- Compare with alkanols

Study carboxyl group (-COOH) structure
- Practice naming using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.5 and 6.6
- Compare functional groups of alkanols and acids

Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books
Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 177-179

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate chemical reactions of ethanoic acid
- Test with various reagents
- Write chemical equations
- Analyze acid strength

Experiment following Table 6.8: Test ethanoic acid with indicators, metals, carbonates, bases
- Record observations
- Write equations
- Discuss weak acid behavior

2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 180-182

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate chemical reactions of ethanoic acid
- Test with various reagents
- Write chemical equations
- Analyze acid strength

Experiment following Table 6.8: Test ethanoic acid with indicators, metals, carbonates, bases
- Record observations
- Write equations
- Discuss weak acid behavior

2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 180-182

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define detergents and classify types
- Explain saponification process
- Prepare soap in laboratory
- Compare soapy and soapless detergents

Study soap vs soapless detergent differences
- Experiment 6.5: Saponify castor oil with NaOH
- Add salt for salting out
- Test soap formation

Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 183-186

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters

Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations

Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters

Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations

Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects

Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness

Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects

Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness

Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define polymers, monomers, and polymerization
- Explain addition polymerization
- Draw polymer structures
- Calculate polymer properties

Study polymer concept and terminology
- Practice drawing addition polymers from monomers
- Examples: polyethene, polypropene, PVC
- Calculate molecular masses

Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 191-195

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation

Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural

Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation

Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural

Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Polymer Properties and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers
- State uses of different polymers
- Discuss environmental concerns
- Analyze polymer selection

Study Table 6.10 - polymer uses
- Advantages: strength, lightness, moldability
- Disadvantages: non-biodegradability, toxic gases
- Application analysis

Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 200-201

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201