REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

text book

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Cell division.
Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.

Detailed discussion.
Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.

Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

chart
charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 79. CERTIFICATE PG100
KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.

Exposition and discussion.

Drawing diagrams/ discussion.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 87.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.
Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope
Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.
Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.
Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.
Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.
Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.



Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

text book
charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book
chart

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.

To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.

Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Tabulate functional differences.

text book
Chart- The placenta.
text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153
CERTIFICATE PG 160

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Open discussion.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 123 

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.

Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.

Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179
KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine the region of growth in a root.

Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.

Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 147 CERTIFICATE PG 190

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Role of hormones in insect growth.
The concept of variation.
Discontinuous variation.
Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Define discontinuous variation.

Exposition and explanations.
Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

text book
Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.
text book
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199
KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Causes of variation.
The chromosome.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 5-6

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.
DNA replication.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.

Expository approach.

Chart- the double helix DNA.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

First law of heredity.
Monohybrid inheritance.
Genetic crosses using a punnet square.
Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Exposition with explanations.
Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

text book
text book
Beans of two different colours, beakers.

KLB BK IV. PP 11-12
KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Inheritance of Rhesus factor.
Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Exposition;
Discussion.

chart
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 21-22

GENETICS

Sex determination in man.
Sex-linked genes and traits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.
Gene mutation.
Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

text book
Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33
KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.

text book,video
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45

EVOLUTION

Evidence for organic evolution.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

text book
Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 51-59

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.
Darwin?s theory of natural selection.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64